Neuropathic pain can be considered as a form of chronic stress that may share common neuropathological mechanism between pain and stress-related depression and respond to similar treatment. Ferulic acid (FA) is a major active component of angelica sinensis and has been reported to exert antidepressant-like effects; however, it remains unknown whether FA ameliorate chronic constriction injury (C...

Since LANGLEY established the "neuron theory" (1921), it has been generally accepted that only one neuron exchange takes place between a cholinergic preand an adrenergic post-ganglionic fiber in the sympathetic ganglia on the way from the lateral horn cells of the thoracolumber part of the spinal cord to the periphery in the sympathetic nervous system. It has been also well known that adrenalin...

The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) is a premiere model for studying modulation of motor pattern generation. Whereas the cellular and network responses to monoamines have been particularly well characterized electrophysiologically, the transduction mechanisms that link the different monoaminergic signals to specific intracellular responses are presently unknown in this system. To begin to ...

The brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems are known to be involved in the integrated response to stress in vertebrates. However, present knowledge about the timing of their actions as well as their specific roles in the regulation of the endocrine axes that drive the stress response is incomplete. This is partly because of the complexity of the reciprocal interactions among the monoamine...

The tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) is the major source of histaminergic innervation of the mammalian brain and is thought to play a major role in regulating wake-sleep states. We recently found that sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) provide a major input to the TMN, but the specificity of this projection and the neurotransmitters involved remain unknown. In this ...

The baboon represents a natural model for genetic generalized epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). In this retrospective study, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolites and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) were evaluated in 263 baboons of a pedigreed colony. CSF monoamine abnormalities have been linked to reduced seizure thresholds, behavioral abnormalities and SUD...

A central neuronal network regulates airway functions from the nares to the bronchioles and is an integral component of a regulatory system for brain control of breathing and airway patency during wakefulness and sleep. This network, components of which include sleep generating sites and monoaminergic neurons in particular, is characterized by reciprocal interconnections, parallel organization,...

It is said that the lamprey has no commissural sympathetic chain (NICOL, 1952; JOHNELS, 1956), although visceral efferents from the vagus are described (JOHNELS, 1956). It is not clear whether the visceral efferents coming from the spinal cord emerge from the dorsal or ventral roots or both. AYERS (1921, 1930) found the visceral efferents emerging from the ventral roots in Amphioxus and Myxinoi...