during the medieval iranian history, many of courtiers were aware of medicine. by the thirteenth and fourteenth century, under mongol yoke, a lot of minorities emancipated of abasid caliphate ties and could perform his religious deed. because of his jewish affiliation, rashid al-dincould join as an apothecary in the mongolian circles. large though mongol numbers were, they employed iranian sage...

the qara-khitai government of kerman was founded by the efforts of borāq hājib in about 1223 a.d (619 a.h.) and was continued by his descendants ruling some parts of kerman and its surroundings over a period of 80 years (from1223 to 1305). despite the chaotic situation in iran during 13th century, the rulers of this new-founded government not only protected their own territory from mongol invas...

Ali Anooshahr’s Turkestan and the Rise of Eurasian Empires: A Study Pol- itics Invented Traditions explores how late medieval early modern Persianate historians dealt with Turco-Mongol lineages founders Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Mongol, Shibanid empires. As Anooshahr claims, legacy heritage was mostly linked negative associa- tions “barbarity,” “plundering,” “violence,” “paganism,” in discursiv...