It is often argued that certifiers have an incentive to offer inflated certificates, although they deny it. In this paper, we study a model in which a certifier is paid by sellers, and may offer them inflated certificates, but incurs costs if doing so. We find that the certifier may face a commitment problem: The certifier offers inflated certificates if the costs of offering the first inflated...

Death certificates may lack accuracy and misclassify the cause of death. The validity of proxy-reported cause of death is not well established. The authors examined death records on 336 participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, a national cohort study of 30,239 community-dwelling US adults (2003-2010). Trained experts used study data, medical r...

AIMS Sickness certificates are to provide information on a disease and its consequences on the patient's functioning. This information has implications for the patient's rights to sickness benefits and return-to-work measures. The objective of this study was to investigate the description of functioning in sickness certificates according to WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Dis...

Many eligibility or entitlement certificates in every day life are non-transferable between persons. However, they are usually implemented by personal physical tokens that owners can easily pass around (e.g. credit card), driver’s license). So there must either be negligible incentives to pass these certificates or the tokens around, or the tokens must allow to authenticate the persons who show...

BACKGROUND Long-term sickness absence is high in many Western countries. In Sweden and many other countries, decisions on entitlement to sickness benefits and return to work measures are based on information provided by physicians in sickness certificates. The quality demands, as stressed by the Swedish sick leave guidelines from 2008, included accurate sickness certificates with assessment of ...

Vehicular network security is an important field and it is agreed that digital signature certificates are becoming the main authentication technique in this environment. The high number of vehicles and their continuous location change bring some difficulties in the exchange of these certificates and in their revocation. This paper covers these two cases and proposes an enhancement to the certif...

INTRODUCTION A death certificate is the formal document in which a physician records the time, cause and circumstances under which the death of an individual has occurred. Morbidity and mortality statistics are mainly based on the analysis of these certificates, and inaccuracies in the detail may lead to biased estimation in several epidemiological parameters. The aim of this study was to exami...

The objective of this paper is to investigate to what extent the general public knows about Internet security and digital certificates as well as how likely they would use digital certificates if the certificates are free and ready for them to use. The Hong Kong SAR government introduced a new multi-application smart identity card to its residents in August 2003. As the government wants to enco...

Certificate Authorities (CAs) regularly make mechanical errors when issuing certificates. To quantify these errors, we introduce ZLint, a certificate linter that codifies the policies set forth by the CA/Browser Forum Baseline Requirements and RFC 5280 that can be tested in isolation. We run ZLint on browser-trusted certificates in Censys and systematically analyze how well CAs construct certif...

A certificate is a mathematical object that can be used to establish that a piece of mobile code satisfies some security policy. Since in general certificates cannot be generated automatically, there is an interest in developing methods to reuse certificates. This article formalises in the setting of abstract interpretation a method to transform certificates of program correctness along program...