The overlap function, a particular kind of binary aggregate has been extensively utilized in decision-making, image manipulation, classification, and other fields. With regard to function theory, many scholars have also obtained achievements, such as pseudo-overlap quasi-overlap semi-overlap etc. above generalized functions contain commutativity continuity, which makes them some limitations pra...

The main aim of this study was to examine whether people understand indicative conditionals on the basis of syntactic factors or on the basis of subjective conditional probability. The second aim was to investigate whether the conditional probability of q given p depends on the antecedent and consequent sizes or derives from inductive processes leading to establish a link of plausible cooccurre...

A COUNTEREXAMPLE TO MODUS PONENS* T HE rule of modus ponens, which tells us that from an indicative conditional rlf cjJ then 1/1 l, 1 together with its antecedent cjJ, one can infer 1/1, is one of the fundamental principles of logic. 2 Yet, as the following examples show, it is not strictly valid; there are occasions on which one has good grounds for believing the premises of an application of ...

Discussive logics (also called discursive logics) were introduced in 1948 by Stanis law Jaśkowski and constitute the first family of formal paraconsistent logics. The basic mechanism behind discussive logics is as simple as ingenious. Where L is some modal logic and Γ♦ = {♦A | A ∈ Γ}, a discussive logic DL, associated with L, is obtained by specifying the language L of DL and by stipulating tha...

Two experiments pitted the default-interventionist account of belief bias against a parallel-processing model. According to the former, belief bias occurs because a fast, belief-based evaluation of the conclusion pre-empts a working-memory demanding logical analysis. In contrast, according to the latter both belief-based and logic-based responding occur in parallel. Participants were given dedu...

This study examines the problem of belief revision, defined as deciding which of several initially accepted sentences to disbelieve, when new information presents a logical inconsistency with the initial set. In the first three experiments , the initial sentence set included a conditional sentence, a non-conditional (ground) sentence, and an inferred conclusion drawn from the first two. The new...

This paper defends two theses about probabilistic reasoning. First, although modus ponens has a probabilistic analog, modus tollens does not – the fact that a hypothesis says that an observation is very improbable does not entail that the hypothesis is improbable. Second, the evidence relation is essentially comparative; with respect to hypotheses that confer probabilities on observation statem...

Political theory often relies on a definite vision of the lack of consensus, which does not necessarily exclude the possibility of some modus vivendi. It turns out however that a mere modus vivendi is widely felt to be insufficient to warrant political stability and a well-ordered society. Starting from distributive-justice issues and problems of ethical conflict in democratic society, it is ar...

In 1999 a great multi-site clinical trial known as the randomised Aldactone evaluation study (RALES) showed that the use of spironolactone importantly reduced complications attributable to chronic heart failure without major negative side effects. Recently, RALES has been questioned by a large scale observational study in the Ontario population. In contrast with predictions, the complications a...