A spectrum evaluator based on a system of four materials has been applied to the evaluation of actinic ultraviolet exposures to humans. The exposures were evaluated between early morning and near noon in summer and the actinic irradiances calculated ranged from 3 μW cm to 5 μW cm. Simultaneously, the broad band irradiances which induced the actinic exposures and/or the biologically effective ex...

A spectrum evaluator based on four different dosimeter materials has been employed to estimate the spectral irradiances of solar radiation for exposed humans. The result is used to calculate the biologically effective irradiance using the erythemal action spectrum and a fish melanoma action spectrum. Measurements are made in winter at a sub-tropical site on the chest and shoulder of subjects du...

Skin photosensitizing reactions have been reported during treatment with fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The incidence and severity of such reactions, however, appear to differ between agents. The photosensitizing effect of grepafloxacin 400 and 600 mg once daily was compared with that of ciprofloxacin 500 mg bd and placebo in a double-blind trial involving 32 healthy subjects. Skin photosensitivi...

We consider identifying the minimum effective dose (MED) in a dose-response study, where the MED is defined to be the lowest dose level producing an effect over that of the zero-dose control. Proposed herein is a nonparametric procedure based on the Mann-Whitney statistic incorporated with the step-down closed testing scheme. A numerical example demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed nonp...

The literature reports strong correlations between UV exposure and latitude gradients of diseases. Evidence is emerging about the protective effects of UV exposure for cancer (breast, colo-rectal, prostate), autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, type II diabetes) and even mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. For the first time, the available levels of vitamin D producing UV or "vitamin D...

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in the photochemistry of atmosphere, through absorption or dispersion processes by its constituents (ozone, cloudiness, aerosols, and pollutants troposphere). Quantifying UVR spatial-temporal way knowing relationships with modulating variables is important for Rio Grande do Sul State, region one highest skin neoplasms rates Brazil. data region, acqui...