Cooperatives have been used by the inhabitants in rural areas to gain access to telecommunications. In Bolivia and Finland, for example, consumer cooperatives have been for many years the only mechanism to provide local telecommunication services to the whole country. This paper studies the effects of the Bolivian market’s structure on the development of competition as well as on universal acce...

Food insecurity exacerbates malnutrition with irreversible consequences for children. Thus, we address the determinants of food security status reference to women farmers, access irrigation technology as a critical determinant and effect cooperatives on nutritional status. We used primary data from Kakamega, Kenya. Descriptive analysis was applied together regression using logistic, probit line...

This paper analyzes the credit demand depression phenomenon resulting from long-term institutional supply rationing. Under the interaction between imperfect formal credit system and rural households’ risk aversion behavior, rural households will be discouraged to depress their credit demand or replace it with informal credit, which we call demand-side credit constraints. It find that about 33.7...

Conservation of tropical biodiversity in agricultural landscapes has become more important as the area covered by natural ecosystems decreases. We analyzed the effects of local livelihoods, cooperative types, and selected biophysical variables (elevation, slope, percent shade, distance to the forest, coffee density, and coffee age) on tree biodiversity in shade coffee cooperatives of El Salvado...

there are more than one million agricultural cooperatives members in iran. in the meantime, the rapid development of the animal husbandry in iran has forced cooperatives to meet the members’ scientific and practical needs for completing production cycle of the dairy industry. livestock production covers a wide spectrum of livestock activities including bee keeping, silkworm raising, and aquacul...

autonomy in rural production cooperatives is one of the most important structural changes that influenced by government policies, specially happened in recent decades and in turn affect their performance. but there is ambiguity in the current performance of autonomous cooperatives, in order to be objective and stability. this study was conducted in the hamadan province. the purpose of the resea...

water user cooperatives were formed due to consideration to people's empowerment and participation in water investment and management. the purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of development and strengthening of water user cooperatives in the aras river basin. the study population consisted of the management board members of the water user cooperatives in the aras basin in th...