Existing wind speed algorithms for satellite altimeters have been developed from data in the range 0 to 20 m/s. At higher wind speeds the available algorithms diverge alarmingly. By comparing Geosat altimeter values of the radar cross section with model predictions of the surface winds during satellite overpasses of tropical cyclones, a wind speed algorithm valid for wind speeds between 20 and ...

Estimation of wind speed at proposed hub heights is typically achieved using a wind shear exponent or wind shear coefficient (WSC), variation in wind speed as a function of height. The WSC is subject to temporal variation at low and high frequencies, ranging from diurnal and seasonal variations to disturbance caused by weather patterns; however, in many cases, it is assumed that the WSC remains...

One of the main drivers for this project is the requirement to complement other high-quality surface data-sets with surface wind data for use in climate change detection and attribution studies. The high-quality data may also be used to analyse trends in storminess. Investigations highlighted the following three issues: Over the last two decades Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) have been instal...

Wind environment in the populated built area especially in campus is important. This s tudy tes ted57 crossroad spots over of the whole campus in North China University of Technology (NCUT). The data of wind speed and direction were measured at fixed time and fixed place. The average, maximum values as well as the speed variation scale were calculated. Wind comfort criteria were adopted t...

Fine-scale sea surface waves are of profound importance to a number of air-sea interaction processes. Due to a number of reasons, there exists a great degree of difficulty in obtaining quality in situ observations of these waves. This paper presents the application of a shipboard wave-sensing method toward the following quantifications: regime-specific contribution to sea surface slope and sens...

in this study, climatic parameters are used to evaluate the sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration in isfahan and rasht with two semi-arid and moderate climates using two intelligent methods during 1970-2010. in this research, multi-layer precpetron e (mlp) and gene expression programming (gep) intelligent models are used in order to analyze the sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration ...

We study the wind climate and its long-term variability in the North Sea and South China Sea, areas relevant for offshore wind energy development, using satellite-based wind data, because very few reliable long-term in-situ sea surface wind observations are available. The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) ocean winds extrapolated from 10 m to 100 m using the Charnock relationship and the ...

Nowadays, propagation of wind turbines make challenges to supply safe power to the grid. Because of wind speed changes, supervisors are concerned to wind turbines, be able to produce appropriate electric power during the wind speed changes. As a matter of fact, investors are mostly like to invest on offshore wind farms, because of their more stable and continuous wind speed rather than onshore ...

1 Abstract— Field trials of a 4 meter long, 180 kilogram, unmanned surface vehicle (USV) have been conducted to evaluate the performance of station-keeping heading and position controllers in an outdoor marine environment disturbed by wind and current. The USV has a twin hull configuration and a custom-designed propulsion system, which consists of two azimuthing thrusters, one for each hull. No...

Monin-Obukhov theory predicts the well-known log-linear form of the vertical wind speed profile. A turbulence intensity profile can be estimated from this by assuming that the standard deviation of the wind speed is proportional to the friction velocity. Two parameters, namely the aerodynamic surface roughness length and the MoninObukhov length, are than needed to predict the vertical wind spee...