Pulsars associated with supernova remnants (SNRs) are valuable because they provide constraints on the mechanism(s) of pulsar spin-down. Here we discuss two SNR/pulsar associations in which the SNR age is much greater than the age of the pulsar obtained by assuming pure magnetic dipole radiation (MDR) spin-down. The PSR B1757−24/SNR G5.4−1.2 association has a minimum age of ∼40 kyr from proper ...

BACKGROUND There is evidence to suggest that antiretroviral therapy (ART) and testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reduce the probability of transmission of HIV. This has led health officials across the United States to take steps toward a test-and-treat policy. However, the extent of the benefits generated by test-and-treat is debatable, and there are concerns, such as increased mult...

H460/MX20 are derived from large cell lung cancer H460 cell line and then transformed into ABCG2-overexpressing cells by mitoxantrone's induction, which are widely used in study of multidrug resistance (MDR) in vitro. To establish and spread the model of H460/MX20 cell xenografts, we investigated whether cell biological characteristics and the MDR phenotype were maintained in vivo model. Our re...

background: and objectives: salmonella infections are endemic in many developing countries with poor sanitary conditions, but emerge sporadically as a serious public health threat in developed countries. infections with multidrug resistant (mdr) strains of salmonella have been associated with treatment failures. salmonella spp. resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins are increasing in pre...

resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins antibiotics in enterobacteriaceae is primarily done by the extended spectrum β-lactamases (esbls). clear identification of risk factors for esbl-producing infections is necessary. therefore, efficient strategies can be developed to decrease outbreak of these infections. the aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial susceptibility and esbls patter...

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious medical problem and presents a major challenge to the treatment of disease and the development of novel therapeutics. ABC transporters that are associated with multidrug resistance (MDR-ABC transporters) translocate hydrophobic drugs and lipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. To better elucidate the structural basis for the "flip...

We analyzed the effect of high temperature (a 1-h incubation at 43 degrees C) on the accumulation and cytotoxicity of vinblastine and docetaxel in two model cell lines, K562 and MESSA, and their multidrug resistance (MDR) counterparts, K562/R7 and MESSA/Dx5. High temperature increased the amount of intracellular vinblastine and docetaxel significantly in MESSA cell and, to a much lesser extent,...

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) provides a means to obtain a detailed video of the small intestine. A single session with WCE may produce nearly 8h of video. Its interpretation is tedious task, which requires considerable expertise and is very stressful. The Model of Deformable Rings (MDR) was developed to preprocess WCE video and aid clinicians with its interpretation. The MDR uses a simplifi...

Over the past few decades, the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) to antibiotics in bacteria has led to major difficulties in the management of infected patients. At present, there is a serious lack of development of new antibacterial agents. Mathematical models are one approach to understand how antibiotic usage patterns may be optimized. However, the classical approach to modeling the em...