In the classic era of electrophysiology, two distinct classes of ion channels were thought to exist in cell membranes: one class accounted for the generation of action potentials and their propagation along nerve fibers (voltage-gated channels); the other class accounted for the electrical signals at the chemical synapses (transmitter-gated channels). The advances made for the last decades in t...

In this paper, we consider two types of problems that have some similarity in their structure, namely, min-min and min-max saddle-point problems. Our approach is based on considering the outer minimization problem as a with inexact oracle. This oracle calculated via solution inner problem, which either or maximization problem. main assumptions are smooth available mixed: it only possible to eva...

The exocrine salivary glands of mammals secrete K+ by an unknown pathway that has been associated with HCO3(-) efflux. However, the present studies found that K+ secretion in the mouse submandibular gland did not require HCO3(-), demonstrating that neither K+/HCO3(-) cotransport nor K+/H+ exchange mechanisms were involved. Because HCO3(-) did not appear to participate in this process, we tested...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the retention characteristics of various overdenture attachment systems commonly used to retain overdentures to dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS An edentulous mandibular model was constructed incorporating 2 parallel 4.0 mm x 13 mm Branemark implants placed in the canine regions. Attachments were embedded in a metal-reinforced experimental ov...

MAXI, Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image, is the X-ray observatory on the Japanese experimental module (JEM) Exposed Facility (EF) on the International Space Station (ISS). MAXI is a slit scanning camera which consists of two kinds of X-ray detectors: one is a one-dimensional position-sensitive proportional counter with a total area of ∼ 5000 cm, the Gas Slit Camera (GSC), and the other is an X-ray...

Large-conductance, voltage-, and Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) (maxi-K(Ca)) channels regulate neuronal and smooth muscle excitability. Their pore-forming alpha-subunit shows similarities with voltage-gated channels and indeed can open in the practical absence of Ca(2+). The NH(2) terminus is unique, with a seventh transmembrane segment involved in beta-subunit modulation. The long COOH terminus is impl...

The homologous Kunitz inhibitor proteins, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and dendrotoxin I (DTX-I), interact with large conductance Ca 2 1 -activated K 1 channels (maxi-K Ca ) by binding to an intracellular site outside of the pore to produce discrete substate events. In contrast, certain homologues of the Shaker ball peptide produce discrete blocking events by binding within the io...

Astrocytes release glutamate upon hyperexcitation in the normal brain, and in response to pathologic insults such as ischemia and trauma. In our experiments, both hypotonic and ischemic stimuli caused the release of glutamate from cultured mouse astrocytes, which occurred with little or no contribution of gap junction hemichannels, vesicle-mediated exocytosis, or reversed operation of the Na-de...

PURPOSE The most suitable treatment conditions and timing for medically unstable patients with severe systemic diseases about to undergo invasive dental treatment are well documented in the literature; however, no medical guides or recommendations identify these conditions for noninvasive dental treatments in such patients. The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effect of impressio...