The ‘Subsidy Targeting Project’ was introduced by the government of Iran in 2010 to ease the impact of removing price subsidies (carried out as part of recent economic liberalization reforms). Under this scheme, regardless of their socio-economic characteristics, Iranian citizens residing in Iran receive the same amount of cash rebate (currently 455,000 Iranian Rials per month). Thi...

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of gender inequality in education on females’ labor force participation in 14 major cities (rapidly urbanizing areas) of Pakistan after taking into account the socio-economic indicators like the marital status of female, the gender of the head of household, physical facilities, the median income of the household, etc. Data were gathered from ...

Quality Growth Index (QGI) is affected by two sets of combined-structural and social indicators. Structural indicator contributes to achieve the main target of sound-sustainable-competitive output growth. By the way, the sound output growth should enhance social-public services and living standards. Although QGIs are weightedly computed based on different scenarios, the trend of the QGIs and co...

Accurate Measuring of poverty and its distribution in various areas, in addition to being crucial for cognitive purposes, could have different policy implications and affect policy assessments. The Household expenditures criteria is typically used to measure poverty, and poverty is often assessed using a poverty line and alternative indices. A major difficulty associated with this method is, ho...

1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 4Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University...

The conventional unitary model of household behaviour has been tested in several recent studies using, mostly, data from developed countries. These are generally based on a test of the underlying hypothesis that household members pool their income between themselves so that the household acts as a single individual. There is another hypothesis, underlying the unitary model, that each individual...

While undernutrition among children is very pervasive both in SubSaharan Africa and South Asia, child mortality is rather low in South Asia. In contrast to that Sub-Saharan African countries suffer by far the worst from high rates of child mortality. This different pattern of child mortality and undernutrition in both regions is well known, but approaches using aggregated macro data have not be...

1 Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 4 Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences...

1. Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 2. Dept. of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3. Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK 4. Dept. of Biology, Un...

1 Ear, Nose, Throat, Head and Neck surgery Research Center,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2 Department of neurosurgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 3 Department of otorhinolaryngology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran *Corresponding author: Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Email: naghibzad...