Maritime search and rescue (MSRIn the maritime publications, the abbreviation for search and rescue is also SAR. Here we use MSR to distinguish it from the abbreviation for Synthetic Aperture Radar.) became an enormous task with the vast growth of marine transportation and other marine activities. In the year of 2006, the MSR centers and maritime authorities in China organized and coordinated 1...

This chapter gives credence to the introduction of optimal control theory into oil spill modeling and develops an optimization process that will aid in the effective decisionmaking in marine oil spill management. The purpose of the optimal control theory is to determine the control policy that will optimize (maximize or minimize) a specific per‐ formance criterion, subject to the constraints im...

Under human influence, plants, animals, and microbes are spreading beyond their native ranges faster and farther than ever before. Rates of invasion are increasing worldwide, especially in large aquatic systems (1). Many of these alien species appear to be innocuous, whereas others cause substantive impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human and animal health (2, 3). Effective manag...

Heavy metals that enter marine environment and remain in the water as well as the sediments are accumulated by aquatic organisms, thus becoming highly good indicators to monitor metal accumulation in the long run. Metals are potentially harmful to humans and most organisms at varied levels of exposure and absorption. Northern East Mediterranean Sea is a crucial region as it is an area, shared b...

An increase in ambient carbonaceous particle (CNP) levels has been found, potentially leading to significant environmental/health hazards. These particles will ultimately enter the oceanic environment and interact with dissolved organic carbon. However, a detailed mechanistic understanding of their behavior, transport, and fate in marine systems is still much needed. This study, using carbon bl...

Most parasites of marine animals are of little public health concern; however, some helminths are capable of infecting humans. Marine zoonotic infections in humans result from consumption of contaminated edible tissues or products of seafood or, to a lesser extent, from physical contact with contaminated seafood. Worldwide, over 50 species of helminth parasites from fishes, crabs, crayfishes, s...

The long-term goal of this research effort is to enhance the understanding of how variability in physical, biological, and acoustic signals impact marine mammal prey and resulting marine mammal habitat use. This is especially critical in areas like the Bering Sea where global climate change can lead to rapid changes of the entire ecosystem. The Arctic is projected to experience “ice-free” summe...

Regional and global air pollution emissions from marine transportation is a growing concern. In discerning the sources of such pollution, researchers have become interested in tracking where along the total fuel cycle these emissions occur. In addition, new efforts to introduce alternative fuels in marine vessels have raised new questions about the energy use and environmental impacts of such f...

in this paper, we develop a freight transportation model for railway network considering hazmat transportation issue. in the transportation system considered, different customers can request for carrying hazmat and non- hazmat boxes. it is assumed that the sequence of the trains in the network is known. the objective is assigning the non-hazmat boxes and hazmat boxes to wagons of the trains so ...