Abstract The incorporation of hydrogen, which is a relatively unexplored reductant used during ferromanganese (FeMn) production, an attractive approach to lessen atmospheric gaseous carbon release. influence hydrogen on the pre-reduction carbonate-rich United Manganese Kalahari (UMK) ore from South Africa was investigated. Experiments were performed in 70 pct CO 30 2 (reference), H O, and 100 g...