The intrinsic and extrinsic traits of citrus fruits change throughout their developmental process, and, therefore, to ensure the highest quality, fruit must be harvested at an appropriate stage maturity. In a 2-year study, mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) cultivars (Kinnow Feutrell’s Early) grafted on rough lemon (C. jambheri Lush) rootstock were selected analyze effect harvest time physicoc...

This work investigated crosslinguistic perception of Mandarin utterances conveying six classes of attitudes, i.e., dominant/ submissive, friendly/hostile, polite/rude, serious/joking, praising/blaming, and sincere/insincere. Five groups of subjects were tested: native Mandarin speakers, Japanese L2 learners of Mandarin, French L2 learners of Mandarin, naïve Japanese without Mandarin ability, an...

This study investigated the categorization of Mandarin lexical tones and music melodic tones by listeners differing in linguistic and musical experience (English musicians, English non-musicians, and Mandarin non-musicians). Linguistic tonal continua were created from the Mandarin rising to level, and falling to level tones. Melodic continua were created by varying the note D under the context ...

In Mandarin Chinese, there exist three pairs of voiceless alveolar and retroflex sibilants. Literature on Mandarin phonology generally prescribes a distinctive place contrast made in Beijing Mandarin, whereas a neutralization of the two categories is suggested for Taiwan Mandarin. However, some acoustic studies (e.g., Jeng 2006; Li 2009) have recently started to contend that retroflex neutraliz...

Although the auditory aspects of Mandarin speech are relatively more heavily-researched and well-known in the field, this study addresses its visual aspects by examining the perception of both Mandarin natural and synthetic visual speech. In perceptual experiments, the synthetic visual speech of a computer-animated Mandarin talking head was evaluated and subsequently improved. Also, the basic (...

PURPOSE The author compared monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tones produced by 3-year-old Mandarin-speaking children growing up in Taiwan and in the United States. METHOD Following the procedures in Wong, Schwartz, and Jenkins (2005), the author collected monosyllabic tone productions from 3-year-old Mandarin-speaking children in Taiwan and low-pass filtered them to eliminate lexical information...

Kesulitan dan kesalahan yang sering ditemui pemelajar saat mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin, salah satunya adalah dalam penempatan penggunaan kata bantu struktur 的 de pada kalimat berfrasa endosentris atributif. Bahan literasi tidak memadai, menyebabkan kesulitan memahami hal ini. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menganalisis atributif serta dengan teoritis spesifik menjabarkan tersebut apakah bersifa...

Post-focus compression (PFC) of F0 and intensity is found in Beijing Mandarin and has been claimed not to easily transfer in language contact. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the presence of PFC in second language (L2) Mandarin as a function of learners’ language experience. Five groups of L2 Mandarin learners were investigated: older, midage and younger Quanzhou Southern Min lear...

the effects of rootstock on the volatile flavour components of page mandarin juice and peel were investigated in this study. juice flavour components were extracted by using poly dimethyl silaxane  membranes( pdms ) and eluted by pentane dichloromethane and then analyzed by gc-fid and gc-ms. peel flavour components were extracted by using cold-press and eluted by using n-hexane and then analyze...

This study tested the hypothesis that heritage speakers of a minority language, due to their childhood experience with two languages, would outperform late learners in producing contrast: language-internal phonological contrast, as well as cross-linguistic phonetic contrast between similar, yet acoustically distinct, categories of different languages. To this end, production of Mandarin and Eng...