Introduction: It has been widely accepted that the lunar anorthosite crust formed by floatation of anorthite in the magma ocean at the time of a giant impact of the Earth-Moon system formation. The positive Eu-anomaly in lunar anothosites and the absence of mafic components in the lunar crust that contain complementary negative Eu-anomalies can also be the evidence of formation of the anorthosi...

[1] Lunar pyroclastic beads are interpreted to represent primitive magmas derived from great depths and rapidly erupted to the surface in explosive events. However, a detailed mechanism for gas generation at great depth and rapid magma transport to the surface has not yet been described. Furthermore, the pyroclastic beads are not petrogenetically related to basalts erupted near the sampling sit...

This article introduces the free magmaM(X) constructed on a set X [6]. Then, we formalize some theorems aboutM(X): if f is a function from the set X to a magma N , the free magmaM(X) has a unique extension of f to a morphism ofM(X) into N and every magma is isomorphic to a magma generated by a set X under a set of relators on M(X). In doing it, the article defines the stable subset under the la...

The Yellowstone supervolcano is one of the largest active continental silicic volcanic fields in the world. An understanding of its properties is key to enhancing our knowledge of volcanic mechanisms and corresponding risk. Using a joint local and teleseismic earthquake P-wave seismic inversion, we revealed a basaltic lower-crustal magma body that provides a magmatic link between the Yellowston...

Layered intrusions represent part of the plumbing systems that deliver vast quantities of magma through the Earth's crust during the formation of large igneous provinces, which disrupt global ecosystems and host most of the Earth's endowment of Pt, Ni and Cr deposits. The Rustenburg Layered Suite of the enormous Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa has been presumed to have formed by deposi...

Geothermal energy transported to earth surface through volcanoes and hydrothermal systems. Based on numerical model analysis of deep drilling and exploitation data of some Kamchatka and Kurile Islands geothermal reservoirs , and heat and mass flow rates estimations of some Kamchatka volcanoes , the following conceptual model of geothermal energy transport is suggested : if magma trapped in uppe...

One of the most important components of the magmatic plumbing system of Kilauea Volcano is the shallow (2–4 km deep) magma storage reservoir that underlies the volcano’s summit region. Nevertheless, the geometry (shape and size) of Kilauea’s summit reservoir is controversial. Two fundamentally different models for the reservoir’s shape have been proposed based on geophysical observations: a ple...

Deformation of the ground surface at active volcanoes provides information about magma movements at depth. Improved seafloor deformation measurements between 2011 and 2015 documented a fourfold increase in magma supply and confirmed that Axial Seamount's eruptive behavior is inflation-predictable, probably triggered by a critical level of magmatic pressure. A 2015 eruption was successfully fore...

Background/Overview: Most differentiated rocky worlds in our Solar System have mantles of olivine, pyroxene, spinel, and calcic plagioclase (or equivalent high-pressure phase assemblages). Earth’s mantle peridotite and similar rocks in other silicate planets and asteroids normally melt to form basaltic magma, komatiite, or other olivinenormative melts. Details of planetary mantle compositions a...

Introduction: Defining the mineralogy and composition of martian mantle source regions has proved to be a difficult task because: (1) the martian sample set does not include samples of the mantle, and (2) many of the samples are either cumulates or are highly fractionated and therefore not in equilibrium with the mantle. Despite these complexities, isotopic evidence suggests that Mars had a mag...