The role of estrogen (E) in promoting learning and memory in females has been well studied in both rodent and primate models. In female rats, E increases dendritic spine number, synaptogenesis, and synaptic proteins in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, an area of the brain that mediates learning and memory. In the present study, we used radioimmunocytochemistry to examine whether E and progest...

The transient outward potassium current was studied in outside-out macropatches excised from the soma of CA1 pyramidal neurons and stratum (st.) oriens-alveus inhibitory interneurons in rat hippocampal slices. Arachidonic acid dose dependently decreased the charge transfer associated with the transient current, concomitant with an increase in the rate of current inactivation. Arachidonic acid (...

Some interneurons of the hippocampus exhibit NMDA receptor-independent long-term potentiation (LTP) that is induced by presynaptic glutamate release when the postsynaptic membrane potential is hyperpolarized. This "anti-Hebbian" form of LTP is prevented by postsynaptic depolarization or by blocking AMPA and kainate receptors. Although both AMPA and kainate receptors are expressed in hippocampal...

The anatomical and electrophysiological properties of neurons in the stratum lucidum of the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus were examined by using patch-pipette recordings combined with biocytin staining. This method facilitated the analysis of the morphological features and passive and active properties of a recently described class of spiny neurons in the stratum lucidum, as well as aspiny ne...

Generation of gamma rhythms in reciprocally connected areas of cortex produces synchronous neuronal firing, although little is known about the consequences of gamma rhythms when generated in nonreciprocally connected regions. This nonreciprocity exists in hippocampus, where gamma rhythms are generated in area CA3 in vitro and in vivo and nonreciprocally projected to area CA1 by the Schaffer col...

The morphological properties and connectivity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic hippocampal cells projecting to the medial septum (HS cells) were examined in the rat. Two types of HS cells are located in different layers of the hippocampus: sparsely-spiny cells are in CA1-3 str. oriens and CA3 str. radiatum, where recurrent axons of pyramidal cells arborize. Densely-spiny HS cells with spi...

The flow cytometry method was used to estimate the genome sizes of nine agriculturally important insects, including two coleopterans, five Hemipterans, and two hymenopterans. Among which, the coleopteran Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Kuschel) had the largest genome of 981 Mb. The average genome size was 504 Mb, suggesting that insects have a moderate-size genome. Compared with the insects in other...