The concept of ‘first do no harm’ is taught to every medical and nursing student. This phrase means that, as professionals, our first duty is to make sure that patients are not harmed as a result of their care. Unfortunately, we know that many patients are harmed when receiving medical care. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 10% of patients in high-income countries are ha...

OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...