Introduction: A major building block of analogue integrated circuits is the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), which for many applications is the most power consuming block. Recently, the folded cascode (FC) amplifier has gained preference over the telescopic owing to the low voltage nature of present and future CMOS technologies, despite the higher power budget. In addition, the PMO...

Acclimation to one environmental factor may constrain acclimation to another. Synechococcus elongatus (sp. PCC7942), growing under continuous light in high inorganic carbon (Ci; approximately 4 mm) and low-Ci (approximately 0.02 mm) media, achieve similar photosynthetic and growth rates under continuous low or high light. During acclimation from low to high light, however, high-Ci cells exploit...

Branch predictor design is typically focused only on minimizing the misprediction rate (MR), while ignores misprediction penalty.Because the misprediction penalty varies widely from branch to branch, performance might get improved by using a predictor that makes a greater effort to predict high-penalty branches, at the expense of the other, even if the total number of mispredictions doesn't cha...