abstract water pricing is a policy instrument for improving water efficiency, reducing water demand, management of the irrigation systems and recovering costs. the underlying principle of water pricing is that it should reflect the opportunity cost of water. in this study, parametric mathematical programming approache were used to estimate the willingness of farmers to pay for groundwater under...

Large discount retail stores (or “big box” stores) generate both costs and benefits to local communities that are unevenly distributed across local employees, shoppers, other businesses and government. While these impacts affect communities across the urbanrural spectrum, the hardest hit communities are often rural towns that struggle to retain a mainstreet retail base. States can mitigate many...

The present study was conducted to assess socio-economic impacts of deforestation of Hyrcanian forests in two basins of Do-Hezar and Se-Hezar, northern Iran. To this end, changes in the forest area were detected over the period between 1990 and 2006 based on land use land cover maps derived from Landsat and IRS satellite images. The land use changes were investigated by enhancement of the image...

In many real situations, networks grow only via local interactions. New nodes are added to the growing network with only information pertaining to a small subset of existing nodes. Multilevel marketing, social networks, and diseases models can all be depicted as growing networks based on local distance information. In these examples, all nodes whose distance from a chosen center is less than d ...

The existence of brownfields in cities, and their common disadvantages, such as pollution and their detriment to natural habitats, have damaged local communities and their environment over time. Whereas the renovation and regeneration of these brownfields and transforming them into centers of activity could assist the economy and society to flourish. At the same time improving the quality of th...

Executive summary ii 1 Introduction by Rolien Sasse, Director of Simavi 6 2 Extent of the problem 8 Reduction in maternal deaths 8 Direct causes of death 9 3 Significance of water; sanitation and hygiene for health 10 4 WASH in relation to maternal health 12 During pregnancy 12 Birth: Hygiene affects maternal health 13 After the birth 14 5 WASH and neonatal health 16 6 The mother: knowledge and...

This study, based within the catchment area of the River Frome, an important chalk stream in the south of England, compared ciliated protozoan communities associated with three species of aquatic macrophyte common to lotic habitats: Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans, Nasturtium officinale and Sparganium emersum. A total of 77 ciliate species were counted. No species-specific ciliate...

ABSTRACT The betweenness centrality measure has been widely used for detecting community structure in networks, in particular in the “GN” algorithm due to Girvan and Newman. This suffers from low speed because the betweenness measure is computed from the entire network, and it has been largely supplanted by faster algorithms that can detect community structure using more local methods in place ...

the article addresses the mutual relationship between environmental improvements and improvement in social status of women. the main question of this article is: are there any relationships between improvement in environment protection and promotion in the situation of women? the theoretical framework includes hatfield’s view about the existence of communities between the public and private sph...