China has long experience using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines against hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. We summarize this experience and provide recent data on adverse events after immunization (AEFIs) with hepatitis A vaccines in China. We reviewed the published literature (in Chinese and English) and the published Chinese regulatory documents on hepatitis A vaccine development, pr...

Background and Aim: The genus of Lactococcus lactis belonging to the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) group, is a gram-positive, faculative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium. present study aimed introduce LAB, especially non-pathogenic, non-invasive, safe lactis. Accordingly, we examined previous studies concerning advantages, limitations, promotion methods, future prospects oral vac...

Vaccine development has continuously shifted away from live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms. Although this approach having good efficacy but for improvement on comparison of risk/benefit ratio which needs improvement due to their highly complex compositions which result in safety concerns. As a consequence, a number of indications remained unadressed. The next generation vaccines repr...

BACKGROUND We aimed to assess evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children up to 16 years of age. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE Biological Abstracts, and Science Citation Index to June, 2004, in any language, and contacted vaccine manufacturers and authors of relevant studies to identify additional data. W...

Topical administration of live commensal bacteria to the vaginal tract holds significant potential as a cost-effective strategy for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections and the delivery of mucosal vaccines. Probiotic-releasing intravaginal rings (IVRs) embody significant theoretical advantages over traditional daily-dosage forms, such as sustained and controlled delivery leading to ...

the council directive 2000/75/ec lays down controlling rules and measures to contrast and to eradicate bluetongue disease, including rules on the establishment of protection and surveillance zones and the use of vaccines against bluetongue. in the past years, only sporadic incursions of certain serotypes of the bluetongue virus were recorded in eu. however, after the adoption of the directive, ...

Background Needle-free, painless and localized drug delivery has been a coveted technology in the area of biomedical research. We present an innovative way of trans-dermal vaccine delivery using a miniature detonation-driven shock tube device. This device utilizes~2.5 bar of in situ generated oxyhydrogen mixture to produce a strong shockwave that accelerates liquid jets to velocities of about 9...

rabies is a fatal neurological disease and a persistent global problem. it is spread primarily by domestic dogs but other canid, viverrid (skunks and raccoons) and chiropteran species are considered as the most efficient vectors of the disease. since dogs are the main perpetuator of rabies, special attention has to be given to bring all the dogs including unauthorized stray dogs under immunizat...