We explore the role of language policy choices as a source of growth and development of nation states. First in a cross-country framework we document that choosing as official a language that is distant from the ones spoken by the local population is negatively correlated with the level of income per capita. This effect is economically meaningful and robust to a wide variety of controls such as...

The Ponder language provides a common means of specifying security policies that map onto various access control implementation mechanisms for firewalls, operating systems, databases and Java. It supports obligation policies that are event triggered condition-action rules for policy based management of networks and distributed systems. Ponder can also be used for security management activities ...

Multi-context systems are a formalism for interlinking knowledge-based system (contexts) which interact via (possibly nonmonotonic) bridge rules. Such interlinking provides ample opportunity for unexpected inconsistencies. These are undesired and come in different categories: some are serious and must be inspected by a human operator, while some should simply be repaired automatically. However,...

This paper explores how language policy affects the socio-economic development of nation states through two channels: the individual’s exposure to and (in reference to an individual’s mother tongue) linguistic distance from the official language. In a cross-country framework the paper first establishes a robust and sizeable negative relationship between an official language that is distant from...

This paper describes the Australian experience in formulating a national language policy and analyses some of the more important features of the policy and of the process which led to its adoption. The description of the process, and any generalisable validity it may contain, may be a valuable contribution which the Australian experience can offer to language policy (theory and practice) in the...

Language-based security approaches to access control and information flow control must at some point rely on a language for expressing policies. However there will in general be several choices for the correct policy language for any given application, and several choices for the implementation of a policy language in a given domain. This article considers an approach to implementing the policy...

it is argued that language learning is regarded as the cornerstone of human existence. the widespread use of english as an international language makes it highly important in the world. it is no more working as the status of language of the elite class or the educated class of the society such as professors, rather it is working as an instrument to bring success in life. nowadays, teachers need...

The need for policies to control calls is justified by the changing face of communications. It is argued that call control requires distinctive capabilities in a policy system. A specialised policy language called APPEL (ACCENT Project Policy Environment/Language) has therefore been developed for this purpose. However the policy language is cleanly separated into a core plus specialisations for...