A single-parameter family of covariant gauge fixing conditions in bosonic string field theory is proposed. It is a natural string field counterpart of the covariant gauge in the conventional gauge theory, which includes the Landau gauge as well as the Feynman (Siegel) gauge as special cases. The action in the Landau gauge is largely simplified in such a way that numerous component fields have n...

When xing a covariant gauge, most popularly the Landau gauge, on the lattice one encounters the Neuberger 0/0 problem which prevents one from formulating a Becchi Rouet Stora Tyutin symmetry on the lattice. Following the interpretation of this problem in terms of Witten-type topological eld theory and using the recently developed Morse theory for orbifolds, we propose a modi cation of the latti...

London theory was developed by Fritz London in 1935 to describe the Meissner effect. This theory leads to the introduction of the penetration depth to describe the extent of magnetic field penetration, λ into type I superconductors. The penetration depth is also important in type II superconductors and describes the extent of flux penetration near vortices as well as at surfaces. Prior to his s...

Linear Landau damping and nonlinear wave-particle trapping oscillations are observed with standing plasma waves in a trapped pure electron plasma. For low wave amplitudes, the measured linear damping rate agrees quantitatively with linear Landau damping theory. At larger amplitudes, the wave initially damps at the Landau rate, then regrows and oscillates, approaching a steady state, as predicte...

Displacive phase transitions have been extensively modelled by the 4 model. In this project, this model is applied to a system with a scalar displacement at each ‘atom’ in a three-dimensional lattice. The behaviour of the system is simulated using molecular dynamics techniques on a massively parallel computer. The code is tested to confirm that the simulation is behaving correctly and is suffic...

Landau theory provides a group-theoretical method for determining which symmetry changes can occur in second-order phase transitions in solids. The irreducible representations of the space group of the higher-symmetry phase must satisfy certain conditions. For transitions to commensurate crystalline structures, the Landau and Lifshitz conditions must be satisfied. For transitions to incommensur...

By analogy with the Landau-Ginzburg theory of ordinary zero-form symmetries, we introduce and develop a one-form global which call mean string field theory. The basic dynamical variable is -- defined on space closed loops that can be used to describe creation, annihilation, condensation effective strings. Like its cousin, provides useful picture phase diagram broken unbroken phases. We provide ...

We explicitly show that the Landau gauge supersymmetry of Chern-Simons theory does not have any physical significance. In fact, the difference between an effective action both BRS invariant and Landau supersymmetric and an effective action only BRS invariant is a finite field redefinition. Having established this, we use a BRS invariant regulator that defines CS theory as the large mass limit o...

Bosonization of degenerate fermions yields insight both into Landau Fermi liquids, and into non-Fermi liquids. We begin our review with a pedagogical introduction to bosonization, emphasizing its applicability in spatial dimensions greater than one. After a brief historical overview, we present the essentials of the method. Well known results of Landau theory are recovered, demonstrating that t...