BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare through surface electromyographic (sEMG) recordings of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on dry land and in water by manual muscle test (MMT). METHOD Sixteen healthy right-handed subjects (8 males and 8 females) participated in measurement of muscle activation of the right shoulder. The selected muscles were the cervical erector spinae, tr...

Bryophytes are a non-monophyletic group of three major lineages (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) that descend from the earliest branching events in the phylogeny of land plants. We postulate that desiccation tolerance is a primitive trait, thus mechanisms by which the first land plants achieved tolerance may be reflected in how extant desiccation-tolerant bryophytes survive drying. Evidence ...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: InSAR StaMPS SBAS Land subsidence Ground fissure Fault Geohazards Xi'an Xi'an, China has been undergoing significant land subsidence along with ground fissure development. These geohazards have brought about severe damages to buildings, bridges and other facilities. In order to warn of and mitigate disasters, it is urgently necessary to obtain the latest rate, ex...

*Support for this paper was provided by Cooperative Agreement 43-3AEM-3-80137 between USDA and the University of Illinois. It does not represent the official views of either institution. This draft has benefitted from discussions with Ken Chomitz, Peter Feather, Charles Hallahan, Ralph Heimlich, Laurian Unnevehr, and participants in seminars at IFPRI, the World Bank, Resources for the Future, U...

This paper reviews the need for a new land administration vision that takes a more integrated approach rather than the historic fragmented approach and examines change management of land administration and cadastral systems in the context of global drivers of change. This results in the development of a framework for re-engineering land administration systems. After discussing a land administra...

The practicalities of a modern land administration system require some means of boundary adjustment (or repair). Of the possible mechanisms it is concluded that an alternative to adverse possession, statutory encroachment, is preferable to part parcel adverse possession.