We present the first nationwide index of directly-measured land values by metropolitan area and investigate their relationship with housing prices. Construction prices and geographic and regulatory constraints are shown to increase the cost of housing relative to land. On average, approximately one-third of housing costs are due to land, with an increasing share in higher-value areas, implying ...

The rural collective construction land (RCCL) market imperfections, as well informal regulations, may have contributed to high transaction costs. Well-functioning markets play an essential role in land-use revenue, efficiency, and allocation efficiency for the economic organization (RCEO). Therefore, specific patterns detailed rules rental sales market, respectively, make a contribution suitabl...

Conservation initiatives to protect and restore valued species communities in human-dominated landscapes face challenges linked to their potential costs. Conservation easements on private land may represent a cost-effective alternative to land purchase, but long-term costs to monitor and enforce easements, or defend legal challenges, remain uncertain. We explored the cost-effectiveness of conse...

A strange puzzle in Haiti's economic history is that labor migrated abroad even though there was a lot of idle land at home. I argue the land was idle because two historical land institutions turned Haiti into a landholdings checkerboard. Land redistribution divided the land among the population, and a ban on foreign ownership of property prevented early investors from aggregating the land. Aft...

Undoubtly it can be said that climate and how weather conditions effect on building shape including limited architecture elements which has been noticed at the beginning of making shelter by human beings and the principle of this need has not been changed by passing time and changing the styles and movements and definitions of art and beauty and changing needs and attitudes and expanding archit...

Undoubtly it can be said that climate and how weather conditions effect on building shape including limited architecture elements which has been noticed at the beginning of making shelter by human beings and the principle of this need has not been changed by passing time and changing the styles and movements and definitions of art and beauty and changing needs and attitudes and expanding archit...

This paper develops a Tobin’s q model of house prices which shows that changes in interest rates, demography, and income are likely to have only temporary effects on house prices while house prices in the long run are determined by prices of developed land, value added taxes, stamp duties, and construction costs. Empirical estimates show that agricultural land prices are a proxy for urban land ...

We present some techniques for planning in temporal domains specified with the recent standard languange PDDL2.1. These techniques are implemented in LPG, a fully-automated system that took part in the third International Planning Competition (Toulouse, 2002) showing excellent performance. The planner is based on a stochastic local search method and on a graph-based representation called “Tempo...