In traditional models for social organization, female movements and association patterns track resource distribution, whereas males track females. More recently, this model has been expanded to include feedback effects of male behavior, especially sexual harassment, on female decisions. In Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi), males defend territories containing resources attractive to females, who for...

Linking peak energy metabolism to lifespan and aging remains a major question especially when focusing on lactation in females. We studied, if and how lactation affects in vitro mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial fatty acid composition. In addition, we assessed DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls to extrapolate on oxidative stress in mothers. As model system we ...

Lactation is associated with increased expression of bile acid transporters and an increased size and hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool in rats. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mdr2), Abcb11 [bile salt export pump (Bsep)], and Abcg5/Abcg8 heterodimers are essential for the biliary secretion of phospholipids, bile acids, and cholesterol, respectively. W...

BACKGROUND Lack of knowledge about iodine may be a risk factor for iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge about iodine and predictors of iodine knowledge scores among pregnant and lactating women. The study also examined whether iodine knowledge scores were associated with iodine status. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of methyl donor supplementation of pregnant animals in the presence or absence of a concomitant lactation on the methylome of the offspring. Twenty Holstein cows, 10 nulliparous (non-lactating while pregnant) and 10 multiparous (lactating while pregnant) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to an i.m. weekly injections of a pla...

BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has become prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, less evidence was available for lactating women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to understand vitamin D status and prevalence of deficiency in lactating women and associated risk factors for vitamin D deficiency from eight provinces and municipalities in China. METHODS Lactating women within 1-1...

To determine whether altered noradrenergic activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis contributes to the attenuated neuroendocrine response to stress observed during lactation, the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of the alpha1-agonist methoxamine (100 microg) was compared between virgin and lactating rats. Virgin rats showed significant increases in plasma corticoste...

Little is known about how lactating women accommodate for their increased glucose demands during fasting to avoid maternal hypoglycemia. The objective of this study was to determine whether lactating women conserve plasma glucose by reducing maternal glucose utilization by increasing utilization of FFA and ketone bodies and/or increasing gluconeogenesis and mammary gland hexoneogenesis. Six hea...

Insulin responsiveness to glucose and tissue responsiveness to insulin, using the hyperglycemic clamp and the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp techniques, were measured in lactating, late pregnant, and nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) beef cows. The glucose infusion rate (GIR) in the hyperglycemic clamp technique was higher (P less than .05). in lactating cows than in NPNL cows. The plateau in...

background: lactating adenoma is a benign breast mass related to physiological changes during pregnancy and increased estrogen level. fibroadenoma and breast cancer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this lesion. the purpose of this study was to report cases of lactating adenoma in breast cancer research center (bcrc) and review the relevant literature. methods: all patients ...