Surviving carp which had recovered from KHVD were kept for approximately eleven additional weeks at 20°C water temperature. To induce KHV re-activation, carp were subjected to ne ing stress on day 81 a er infection and gill swabs and dropping samples were collected daily for investigation by quantitative real-time PCR. An increase of KHV concentration of up to 1000 KHV genomic equivalents was d...

This study observed the captive culture of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio in Potohar region, Punjab, Pakistan. Captive culturing both species was conducted up to one-month post hatchlings. The sample size 180 (90 goldfish 90 koi carp) kept cemented raceways under optimum conditions. period from October 2019 April 2020. natural breeding season for 25th January 5th February end 11th March,...

Koi carps frequently swim in burst-and-coast style, which consists of a burst phase and a coast phase. We quantify the swimming kinematics and the flow patterns generated by the carps in burst-and-coast swimming. In the burst phase, the carps burst in two modes: in the first, the tail beats for at least one cycle (multiple tail-beat mode); in the second, the tail beats for only a half-cycle (ha...

The sequences of four complete genes were analysed in order to determine the relatedness of koi herpesvirus (KHV) to three fish viruses in the family Herpesviridae: carp pox herpesvirus (Cyprinid herpesvirus 1, CyHV-1), haematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus of goldfish (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2, CyHV-2) and channel catfish virus (Ictalurid herpesvirus 1, IcHV-1). The genes were predicted to encode ...

The disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) severely impacts the natural freshwater ecosystem and damages carp and koi farming, however, the pathway of CyHV-3 transmission remains unclear. It is possible that the virus adheres to plankton, which then facilitate viral movement and transmission, and therefore, it is hypothesised that plankton are involved in the disease dynamics. In thi...

Some bacteria can produce extracellular bacterial cellulose (BC). This polysaccharide is chemically identical to cellulose produced by plants but has no associated lignin and hemicelluloses. The unique mechanical properties, chemical stability and purity allow BC to be exploited for a range of biomedical applications. However, medium costs limit commercial BC production. The suitability of usin...