Appendix A Strong convexity As we discussed, the posterior from Bayes’s rule could be viewed as the optimal of an optimization problem in Eq (1). We will show that the objective function is strongly convex w.r.t KL-divergence. Proof for Lemma 1. The lemma directly results from the generalized Pythagaras theorem for Bregman divergence. Particularly, for KL-divergence, we have KL(q 1 ||q) = KL(q ...

BACKGROUND KL-6 is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed on the surface of alveolar type II cells. Elevated concentrations of KL-6 in serum and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been previously reported; however, kinetics and prognostic significance of KL-6 have not been extensively studied. This study was conducted to clarify these poi...

Transgenic mice overexpressing fibroblast growth factor (FGF23) (R176Q) (F(Tg)) exhibit biochemical {hypophosphatemia, phosphaturia, abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] metabolism} and skeletal (rickets and osteomalacia) abnormalities attributable to FGF23 action. In vitro studies now implicate the aging-related factor Klotho in the signaling mechanism of FGF23. In this study,...

BACKGROUND Kerbs von Lungren 6 antigen (KL-6) is expressed on the surface of alveolar type II cells, and elevated plasma and epithelial lining fluid levels of KL-6 have previously been shown to correlate with the severity of disease and survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The relationship between alveolar inflammation and KL-6 measurements has not been ascertained. We hypoth...

A novel Karhunen–Lo eve (KL) least-squares model for the supersonic flow of an inviscid, calorically perfect ideal gas about an axisymmetric blunt body employing shock-fitting is developed; the KL least-squares model is used to accurately select an optimal configuration which minimizes drag. Accuracy and efficiency of the KL method is compared to a pseudospectral method employing global Lagrang...

The decay KL → πγee occurs at a higher rate than the nonradiative process KL → πee, and hence can be a background to CP violation studies using the latter reaction. It also has an interest in its own right in the context of chiral perturbation theory, through its relation to the decay KL → πγγ. The leading order chiral loop contribution to KL → πγee, including the (qe+ + qe−) 2/m2π dependence, ...

Among optimality criteria adopted to select best experimental designs to discriminate between different models, the KL-optimality criterion is very general. A KL-optimum design is obtained from a minimax optimization problem on an infinite-dimensional space. In this paper some important properties of the KL-optimality criterion function are highlighted and an algorithm to construct a KL-optimum...

KL-6 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid has been reported to be a sensitive marker indicating the activity of fibrosing lung diseases. The molecule is clustered in MUC1 mucin according to the findings of immunohistochemical and cytometric studies. To elucidate the pathogenic role of KL-6 in fibrosing lung disease, we characterized its biochemical properties and examined whether purified ...

BACKGROUND The study was conducted in order to determine if the glycoprotein KL-6 is a useful biomarker in differentiating neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), a benign form of children's interstitial lung disease, from the more severe inborn errors of surfactant metabolism (IESM), since their clinical presentation can be similar. METHODS Serum KL-6 levels were measured in 10 he...

The Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) 3' translational enhancer, known as the kissing-loop T-shaped structure (kl-TSS), binds to 40S subunits, 60S subunits, and 80S ribosomes, whereas the Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) TSS binds only to 60S subunits and 80S ribosomes. Using electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA)-based competition assays, the kl-TSS was found to occupy a different site in the...