A historical review of our understanding of bulges is first presented, highlighting similarities and differences between bulges and el-lipticals. Then, some topics of current interest are reviewed, bypassing stellar population questions and focusing on structural and dynamical issues relating bulges and disks. The topics are: i) the fundamental plane; ii) the evidence for two classes of bulges,...

An inverse dynamics and kinematics of a flexible manipulator is derived in symbolic form based on the recursive Lagrangian assumed mode method. A PC-based program has implemented the algorithm to automatically generate the inverse dynamics and kinematics for an elastic robot in a symbolic form. A case study is given to illustrate how to use this program for inverse dynamic and kinematic generat...

In view of the observed strong hierarchy of the quark and lepton masses and of the flavor mixing angles, it is argued that the description of flavor mixing must take this into account. One particularly interesting way to describe the flavor mixing, which, however, is not the one used today, emerges, which is particularly suited for models of quark mass matrices based on flavor symmetries. We co...

We consider branes as “points” in an infinite dimensional brane space M with a prescribed metric. Branes move along the geodesics of M. For a particular choice of metric the equations of motion are equivalent to the well known equations of the Dirac-Nambu-Goto branes (including strings). Such theory describes “free fall” in M-space. In the next step the metric of M-space is given the dynamical ...

Analyses of concept formation can be found in disciplines that seem superficially unrelated. The two oldest traditions are in philosophy and mathematics, the one reaching back to Plato and Aristotle and having a continuous history in the theory of knowledge, and the other going back to Eudoxus, Euclid and their several mathematical contemporaries and successors. The logical status of the analys...

At the Fourth International Conference on Event Perception and Action in Trieste this past summer. Karl Newell. Bruce Kay. and I had a brief discussion in which we agreed upon a need for clarification of the meaning and use of the term "dynamic." The concern was that there may be some confusion because "dynamic" is used in nontechnical parlance to denote activity or change. In this usage. "dyna...

It is widely acknowledged that movements are planned at the level of the kinematics. However, the central nervous system must ultimately transform kinematic plans into dynamics-related commands. How, when, and where the kinematics-to-dynamics (KD) transformation is processed represent fundamental and unanswered questions. We recorded from the supplementary motor area (SMA) of two monkeys as the...

The distinction between a theory’s kinematics and its dynamics, that is, between the space of physical states it posits and its law of evolution, is central to the conceptual framework of many physicists. A change to the kinematics of a theory, however, can be compensated by a change to its dynamics without empirical consequence, which strongly suggests that these features of the theory, consid...

in this paper, the dual area vector of a closed dual spherical curve is kinematically generatedand the dual steineer vector of a motion are extensively studied by the methods of differential geometry.jacobi’s theorems, known for real curves, are investigated for closed dual curves. the closed trajectorysurfaces generated by an oriented line are fixed in a moving rigid body in ir3 , in which the...