We used strong-field laser pulses that were tailored with closed-loop optimal control to govern specified chemical dissociation and reactivity channels in a series of organic molecules. Selective cleavage and rearrangement of chemical bonds having dissociation energies up to approximately 100 kilocalories per mole (about 4 electron volts) are reported for polyatomic molecules, including (CH3)2C...

Patients with bulimia (binge-purge syndrome) frequently complain that they consume a very restrictive diet to avoid gaining weight. To investigate this claim, 23 hospitalized bulimic patients were assessed daily for body weight, caloric intake, macronutrient diet content, activity measures, and body composition estimates during weight-stable periods. Bulimic patients ate fewer kilocalories per ...

We have evaluated the nutritional content of food intake (kilocalories, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals) before and after a low caloric diet in a sample of 25 overweight and obese patients. We have also measured several biochemical parameters such as glucose, magnesium, iron, calcium, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and thyroid stimulating ho...

A strong temperature dependence of oxygen K-edge x-ray absorption fine structure features was observed for supercooled and normal liquid water droplets prepared from the breakup of a liquid microjet. Analysis of the data over the temperature range 251 to 288 kelvin (-22 degrees to +15 degrees C) yields a value of 1.5 +/- 0.5 kilocalories per mole for the average thermal energy required to effec...

Current limitations in de novo protein structure prediction and design suggest an incomplete understanding of the interactions that govern protein folding. Here we demonstrate that previously unappreciated hydrogen bonds occur within proteins between the amide proton and carbonyl oxygen of the same residue. Quantum calculations, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy...

Abstract An inventory of crop wild relatives (CWR) and harvested plants (WHP) occurring in Tunisia, based on the integration last available floristic checklists, is presented. The taxa were prioritised according to economic value related crop, potential for improvement, threat status, endemism, inclusion ITPGRFA (Annex I) average annual contributions dietary energy (kilocalories) per capita day...

The operation of the pivot trailer on flat land is more ergonomic than conventional trailers, but sloping it has never been tested. two-wheeled tractor carried out by operator uneven problems with steering handlebar which goes up and down following movement body, thus affecting increase in workload. To reduce excessive workload, necessary to design a that can be controlled easily. purpose this ...

Using an original survey conducted in eight countries 2021 (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, the UK, and USA), this study explored relationship between household food waste dietary habits through a cross-country comparative perspective. In total, 8000 questionnaires were recorded from samples representative of adult population each country online 13th 24th August. The developed Was...

"Physical activity," "exercise," and "physical fitness" are terms that describe different concepts. However, they are often confused with one another, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. This paper proposes definitions to distinguish them. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can...