In this paper, a method for establishing a support criterion or poverty line is developed based on Engel’s Law and domestic nutritional values. The support criterion is differentiated across rural and urban areas. An important result is that for 1989, people who spend less than 108,000 Rials annually lie inside the poverty line in urban areas. A further important result is that food should be g...

This paper considers how low-income households and communities in Dar es Salaam have obtained access to land. The paper begins with an analysis of urban land policy in Tanzania, drawing the distinction between planned and unplanned areas. After a consideration of poverty in Tanzania and a brief historical review of urban land allocation, the paper reports on a study carried out in Dar es Salaam...

The aim of this study is to investigate the understanding of wealth, poverty, inequality and unemployment in South African Black (African) children aged 7, 9, 11 and 14 drawn from a rural, an urban and a semi-urban setting. Two hundred and twenty-®ve children (80 rural, 60 urban and 85 semi-urban) were interviewed individually in Setswana, their mother tongue. The urban children were living in ...

This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted, showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period regardless of the exact location of the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant thereafter. Models of the determinat...

Cambodia is an agriculture and developing country. A large proportion of the population, 85% live in rural areas, and only 15% live in urban areas. It is estimated that currently, approximately 34.7% of the total population are living below the poverty line. The two most salient health-related problems linked to poverty in Cambodia are malnutrition and access to health care. Republic of Korea i...

Focusing on networks, social capital, and popular organizations represents a positive view of people’s capacity to overcome the debilitating constraints of urban poverty. Poverty may be rooted in market-generated inequalities, but the poor have the potential to mitigate these inequalities by individual strategies of self-help (networking), by using their social relationships to make up for thei...

Urbanisation in low and middle-income nations presents both opportunities and immense challenges. As urban centres grow rapidly, inadequate housing and the lack of basic infrastructure and services affect a large and growing proportion of their population. There is also a growing body of evidence on urban poverty and its links with environmental hazards. There is, however, limited knowledge of ...

This report reviews selected literature on urbanisation in East, South and South-East Asia, and draws out its developmental benefits and lessons for donors. There is a strong evidence base on urbanisation and urban poverty in the academic and economic literature, but it mostly looks at the development challenges of increasing urbanisation. In Asia-Pacific, as in other areas, urbanisation is lea...

This study examines the empirical relationship among inequality, poverty and economic growth in India. Using data on consumption from the 13th to the 55th Rounds of the National Sample Survey, the author computes, for both rural and urban sectors, the Gini coefficient and three popular measures of poverty. The observed changes in inequality and poverty are explained in terms of the behaviour of...