It is well known that some XML elements correspond to objects (in the sense of object-orientation) and others do not. The question we consider in this paper is what benefits we can derive from paying attention to such object semantics, particularly for the problem of keyword queries. Keyword queries against XML data have been studied extensively in recent years, with several lowest-common-ances...

Persian is one of the Indo-European languages which has borrowed its script from Arabic, a member of Semitic language family. Since Persian and Arabic scripts are so similar, problems arise when we want to process an electronic text. In this paper, some of the common problems faced experimentally in developing a corpus for Persian are discussed. The sources of the problems are the Persian scrip...

The Persian language is one of the dominant languages in the Middle East, so there are significant amount of Persian documents available on the Web. Due to the special and different nature of the Persian language compared to other languages like English, the design of information retrieval systems in Persian requires special considerations. However, there are relatively few studies on retrieval...

Persian is an Indo-European language written using Arabic script, and is an official language of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. Transliteration of Persian to English—that is, the character-bycharacter mapping of a Persian word that is not readily available in a bilingual dictionary—is an unstudied problem. In this paper we make three novel contributions. First, we present performance compar...

Our goal in this work has been to bring together the entertaining and flow characteristics of video game environments with proven learning theories to advance the state of the art in intelligent learning environments. We have designed and implemented an educational game, a river adventure. The adventure game design integrates the Neverwinter Nights game engine with our teachable agents system, ...