Presynaptic kainate receptors (KARs) modulate transmission between dentate granule cells and CA3 pyramidal neurons. Whether presynaptic KARs affect other synapses made by granule cell axons [mossy fibers (MFs)], on hilar mossy cells or interneurons, is not known. Nor is it known whether glutamate release from a single MF is sufficient to activate these receptors. Here, we monitor Ca(2+) in iden...

The CRMP2 and CRMP4 proteins are strongly expressed in the developing nervous system, mediating neurite outgrowth, neuronal polarity, and axon guidance. In the present study, we demonstrate the interaction of the CRMP2 and CRMP4 proteins with the GluK5 subunit of the kainate (KA) receptor (KAR) and investigated the role of KARs in modulating the development of cultured mouse DRG neurons. We fou...

Neuropeptides released from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons play essential roles in the neurotransmission of sensory inputs, including those underlying nociception and pathological pain. Neuropeptides are released from intracellular vesicles through two modes: a partial release mode called "kiss-and-run" (KAR) and a full release mode called "full fusion-like" (FFL). Using total internal refl...

The kainate receptor (KAR), a subtype of glutamate receptor, mediates excitatory synaptic responses at a subset of glutamatergic synapses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the trafficking of its different subunits are poorly understood. Here we use the CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cell, which lacks KAR-mediated synaptic currents, as a null background to determine the minimal requiremen...

Cell growth and proliferation depend upon many different aspects of lipid metabolism. One key signaling pathway that is utilized in many different anabolic contexts involves Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its membrane lipid products, the Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphates. It remains unclear, however, which other branches of lipid metabolism interact with the PI3K signaling ...

Minimum cost spanning tree (mcst) problems try to connect agents e¢ ciently to a source when agents are located at di¤erent points in space and the cost of using an edge is …xed. Two solution concepts to share the common cost of connection among users are based on the Shapley value: the Kar and the folk solutions. The Kar solution applies the Shapley value to the stand-alone cost game, which mi...

Suppressor of fused, Su(fu), was identified as a semi-dominant suppressor of the putative serine/threonine kinase encoded by the segment polarity gene fused in Drosophila melanogaster. The amorphic Su(fu) mutation is viable, shows a maternal effect and displays no phenotype by itself. Su(fu) mutations are often found associated to karmoisin (kar) mutations but two complementation groups can be ...

Colour patterns of adult fish are composed of several different types of pigment cells distributing in the skin during juvenile development. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, displays a striking pattern of dark stripes of melanophores interspersed with light stripes of xanthophores. A third cell type, silvery iridophores, contributes to both stripes and plays a crucial role in adult pigment pattern f...

We extend Kozen’s theory KA of Kleene Algebra to axiomatize parts of the equational theory of context-free languages, using a least fixed-point operator μ instead of Kleene’s iteration operator ∗. Although the equational theory of context-free languages is not recursively axiomatizable, there are natural axioms for subtheories KAF ⊆ KAR ⊆ KAG: respectively, these make μ a least fixed point oper...

Glutamate and its receptor agonists, NMDA, AMPA, and KA, elicit feeding when microinjected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of satiated rats. However, determining the relative contributions of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and KA receptors (KARs) to LH feeding mechanisms has been difficult due to a lack of receptor selective agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, LH injection of KA produces behavio...