Objectives: The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the role of several therapies, mainly chemotherapy, for thymic carcinoma (TC). Methods: From July 1973 to July 2005, 25 patients (15 males and 10 females) with histologically proven TC were treated at our department. The median age of the patients was 59 years, with a range of from 30 to 78 years. According to Masaoka’s staging sy...

EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib and erlotinib, exert potent therapeutic efficacy in non–small cell lung cancers harboring EGFR-activating mutations. However, most patients ultimately develop resistance to these drugs. Here, we report a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the reversal of which could improve clinical outcomes. I...

Brain dopaminergic systems are critical in mediating the physiological responses to nicotine. The effects of several concentrations of nicotine (0.08, 0.17, or 0.33 mg/kg body weight) and involvement of 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in gene expression of key enzymes in dopamine biosynthesis were evaluated in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), cell bodies ...

The purpose is to formulate a Fourier transformation for the space of functionals, as an infinitesimal meaning. We extend R to ( ∗R) under the base of nonstandard methods for the construction. The domain of a functional is the set of all internal functions from a ∗-finite lattice to a ∗-finite lattice with a double meaning. Considering a ∗-finite lattice with a double meaning, we find how to tr...

To investigate whether or not an excess of additive genetic variance for viability detected in southern natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster was created by diversifying selection, genotype-environment interaction was tested as follows. (1) Two karyotype chromosomes were used: 61 second chromosomes with the standard karyotype and 63 second chromosomes carrying In(2L)t. Their homozygote...

“Inducibility” of amylase in Drosophila melanogaster was defined and investigated in a natural population from Japan. Inducibility represents the effects of factors remote from the structural gene that control the amount of enzyme produced. Inducibility of an isogenic line is measured as the ratio of the enzyme’s specific activity in two different inducing environments. There was considerable g...

Kampis proposed the study of chaotic itinerancy, pointing out its significance in domains of cognitive science and philosophy. He discovered in the concept of chaotic itinerancy the possibility for a new dynamical approach that elucidates mental states with a physical basis. This approach may therefore provide the means to go beyond the connectionist approach. In accordance with his theory, we ...

•GSAL reduces the workload of manual annotation lung lesions on CT images•The semantic dependencies in both spatial and channel dimensions are decoded•The self-supervised rotation loss mitigates discriminator forgetting GAN Proposing a general segmentation approach for lesions, including pulmonary nodules, pneumonia, tuberculosis, images will improve efficiency radiology. However, performance g...

Current concepts of cortical information processing and most cortical network models largely rest on the assumption that well-studied properties of local synaptic connectivity are sufficient to understand the generic properties of cortical networks. This view seems to be justified by the observation that the vertical connectivity within local volumes is strong, whereas horizontally, the connect...

During standing posture, the soleus muscles acts to control sway in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. The soleus muscles bilaterally share a common function during standing tasks. We sought to determine whether common descending inputs, as evidenced by the synchronization of bilateral motor unit pairs, were employed as a strategy to control this common function. Single motor units were record...