in the recent work, the reaction mechanism between triphenylphosphine 1, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 2 in the presence of nh-acid, such as 5-aminoindazole 3 were investigated theoretically. quantum mechanical studies were performed for evaluation of potential energy surfaces of all structures participated in the reaction mechanism both in gas phase and in dichloromethane. the first step of ...

In the recent work, the reaction mechanism between triphenylphosphine 1, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 2 in the presence of NH-acid, such as 5-aminoindazole 3 were investigated theoretically. Quantum mechanical studies were performed for evaluation of potential energy surfaces of all structures participated in the reaction mechanism both in gas phase and in dichloromethane. The first step of ...

In this paper we have solved analytically the Schrödinger equation for a microscopic particle in a one-dimensional box with two infinite walls, which the potential function inside it, has a linear form. Based on the solutions of this special quantum mechanical system, we have shown that as the quantum number approaches infinity the expectation values of microscopic particle position and square ...

This paper proves that it is possible to build a Lagrangian for quantum electrodynamics which makes it explicit that the photon mass is eventually set to zero in the physical part on observational ground. Gauge independence is achieved upon considering the joint effect of gauge-averaging term and ghost fields. It remains possible to obtain a counterterm Lagrangian where the only non-gauge-invar...

Probabilities and correlations in EPR experiments. The EPR-Bohm-Aharonov [1] system of two correlated spin-half particles or qubits observed by spatially separated observers has often been used as an arena in which to probe fundamental questions about quantum theory. Typically there are four different configurations corresponding to four different experiments and one obtains no-go theorems on (...

In [11], Köstler and Speicher showed that de Finetti’s theorem on exchangeable sequences has a free analogue if one replaces exchangeability by the stronger condition of invariance of the joint distribution under quantum permutations. In this paper we study sequences of noncommutative random variables whose joint distribution is invariant under quantum orthogonal transformations. We prove a fre...

The method of defining quantum joint probabilities of two events is applied to a multimode system of trapped Bose-condensed atoms. The coherent modes are generated by modulating the trapping potential with an alternating field with a frequency in resonance with a transition frequency between two coherent modes. The system is subjected to nondestructive measurements randomly influencing the phas...

Perfect cloning of unknown quantum systems is forbidden by the laws of quantummechanics [1]. However, a universal optimal cloning has been proposed [2], which has been proved to be optimal in terms of fidelity [3, 4]. A obvious relevant application of such optimal cloning is eavesdropping in quantum cryptography [5]. However, quantum cloning can be of practical interest as a tool to engineer no...