In Ancient Southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq), rainfall was never high enough to sustain agriculture, so for thousands of years people used a system of canals to irrigate their fields. These canals, built up over generations, have long formed the basis of settlement patterns and state relations in the region, making their location and mapping of key interest to archaeologists. However, since 1991,...

—Irrigation canals can be a major source of mortality for fish in the Rocky Mountain region. Our study looked at how fish were affected by the irrigation canal system in the Smiths Fork, a tributary to the Bear River in western Wyoming. There are two native species of conservation concern in the Smiths Fork drainage: Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii utah and northern leatherside ...

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Self-Adjusting File (SAF) and ProTaper for removing calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] from root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six human mandibular incisors were instrumented with the ProTaper system up to instrument F2 and filled with a Ca(OH)2-based dressing. After 7 days, specimens were distributed in two groups (n=15) acc...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiencies of the self-adjusting file (SAF) system, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and conventional irrigation (CI) in removing calcium hydroxide (CH) from root canals. Fifty-one mandibular premolars were used. After root canals were instrumented and filled with a CH paste, 45 teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups according t...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to obtain a three-dimensional analysis of the isthmus area of the mesiobuccal root canal system in mandibular molars using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) scanning and to measure the amount of debris and root filling material in the isthmus after instrumentation/irrigation and root filling. METHODS Mandibular molars with two separated me...

A new SWEEPS (Shock Wave Enhanced Emission Photoacoustic Streaming) modality for Er:YAG laser is presented, developed especially to improve the cleaning and disinfecting efficacy of laser-assisted endodontic procedures. Typically, shock waves are not emitted during laser-assisted irrigation of spatially confined root canals. However, by using the new SWEEPS modality, an acceleration of the coll...

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual and ultrasonic instrumentation with varying irrigation protocols on removal of the smear layer from root canal walls. Methods: Forty extracted single rooted human teeth stored in 0.5% saline were used. Periodontal soft tissues were removed followed by crown separation at the CEJ. All the teeth were randomly divided int...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the volume of remaining filling material after passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and orange oil in mesial canals of mandibular molars, with and without isthmus. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty mesial roots of mandibular molars were divided according to the presence or absence of isthmus. Canals were prepared and fil...

The integrator delay zero (IDZ) model presented by Litrico and Fromion is a simple way to model a canal for control purposes that extends the classical integrator delay model. This analytical model gives a very good frequency domain approximation of the Saint-Venant transfer matrix for a pool possibly in backwater conditions. The present paper shows how this model can be used to model an irriga...

INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to evaluate the removal of dentin debris from the root canal by sonic or ultrasonic activation of the irrigant and the physical mechanisms of sonic activation by visualizing the oscillations of the sonic tip, both inside and outside the confinement of the root canal. METHODS Roots of 18 canines were embedded, split, and prepared into standardized root ...