The exploration of unconventional shale energy reserves and the extensive use of hydraulic fracturing during well stimulation have raised concerns about the potential effects of unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOG) on the environment. Most accounts of groundwater contamination have focused primarily on the compositional analysis of dissolved gases to address whether UOG activities have h...

Leaching experiment was conducted to understand the mechanism of arsenic release from soil in the natural field conditions. Two types of column were run, one with de-ionized water (DW) and another with synthetic Bangladesh groundwater (GW) as influent which simulated rainfall and groundwater conditions, respectively. As the primary mechanism for the arsenic release from soil it was identified t...

Balancing groundwater depletion, socioeconomic development and food security in Saudi Arabia will require policy that promotes expansion of unconventional freshwater supply options, such as wastewater recycling and desalination. As these processes consume more electricity than conventional freshwater supply technologies, Saudi Arabia's electricity system is vulnerable to groundwater conservatio...

The impact of landuse on stream salinity is currently difficult to separate from the effect of climate, as the decadal scale climatic cycles in groundwater and stream hydrology have similar wavelengths to the landuse pattern. These hydrological cycles determine the stream salinity through accumulation or release of salt in the landscape. Widespread patterns apparent in stream salinity are discu...

Agriculture on the American Great Plains has been constrained by historical water scarcity. After World War II, technological improvements made groundwater from the Ogallala aquifer available for irrigation. Comparing counties over the Ogallala with nearby similar counties, groundwater access increased irrigation intensity and initially reduced the impact of droughts. Over time, land-use adjust...

During in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater, a treatment solution is often injected into the contaminated region to initiate reactions that degrade the contaminant. Degradation reactions only occur where the treatment solution and the contaminated groundwater are close enough that mixing will bring them together. Degradation is enhanced when the treatment solution is spread into the ...

1. Throughout arid regions of the world, groundwater is extracted for human population centres. In the Great Basin and Range region of the USA, we lack basic information regarding some plant communities detailing the extent to which vegetation is threatened by groundwater extraction. This is particularly true for alkali meadow vegetation, which is restricted to zones of shallow groundwater yet ...

This paper presents the result of our continued work on a further enhancement to our previous proposed algorithm. Moving beyond the extraction of word groups and based on the same irregular pyramid structure the new proposed algorithm groups the extracted words into sentences. The uniqueness of the algorithm is in its ability to process text of a wide variation in terms of size, font, orientati...

Farmers in the Indus Basin, Pakistan have generally switched to groundwater for additional water supplies due to the irregular supply of irrigation water; currently over 50% of the agricultural land in the basin is at least partially irrigated by tubewells. These wells pump fresh groundwater, which essentially is the result of massive leakage from irrigation canals into the originally saltwater...