august of 1941 coincided with the reza shah’s exile and opening of the cultural and political environment in iran. the tudeh party gained more power, albeit it owed its power to the presence of former soviet :union:s troops in iran during world war ii. after withdrawal of soviet troops from iran, members and supporters of the party wondered what would happen to the party and its members and sup...

How does physically witnessing a protest in a democratic society affect citizens in authoritarian societies? Existing data are unable to answer the question by failures to capture witnesses, to construct meaningful comparison groups and to obtain information on pre-protest political behaviors. Using a quasi-experiment design, we report a first causal estimation on impact of 13 protests in Hong ...

The "attachment" metaphor has labeled a process, of which infant protests during maternal departures have served as a presumably.unlearned index. Within social-eonditioning theory, if. and how, such infant protests could be acquired was examined by (a) providing stimuli to the child via routine maternal behaviors (visual, verbal and movement orientations) during mothers' departures and (b) moth...

In-game protests are a dynamic part of a burgeoning global cartography of activism and mass mobilisation unfolding across virtual worlds. Such protests nonetheless deserve to be negotiated on their own specific terms if only because these situational inter-plays of political, social, and gaming practices provide a unique means to gain insight into the socio-cultural contexts and imperatives tha...

This article explores Muslim political attitudes in contemporary India. It contextualizes the responses of communities backdrop two crucial legal-constitutional changes introduced by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government: abrogation Article 370 Constitution and Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019. These changes, I suggest, stem from official doctrine New India its operative mechanism, Hindutva co...

bailsman is commitment to summon party .this commitment on suspect of some, cause dominate on the third-party .for this reason, some have questioned the validity of contract, other groups have attempted to justify the validity of the contract with using of joint and several liability and advocacy. in sunni jurisprudence, the first tool used and in shiie, the second tool. but the truth is that t...

The aim of this article is to study the peculiarities and specifics Czech civil society. initial situation institutional conditions social self-organization are analyzed, along with specific examples representing interests other forms participation, as well ideas state policy society that fuel civic activism or protests. author emphasizes today Republic has a fairly diverse extensive network or...

Following the Arab Spring, a debate broke out among both academics and pundits as to how important social media had been in bringing about what may have been the least anticipated political development of the 21st century. Critics of the importance of social media pointed in particular to two factors: (a) the proportion of social media messages that were transmitted in English; and (b) the prop...