background: constipation is a common complaint during pregnancy. iranian traditional medicine (itm) has some recommendations for this complaint. objective: in this study, interventions of constipation in pregnancy have been presented and their efficacy and safety evidence were reviewed from modern literature. methods: interventions selected based upon the chapters related to health protection o...

medical ethics has a long history worldwide, and the move towards a transcultural ethics must be based on an appreciation of the history that has produced the present relationships. it is often thought that medical ethics history has begun at the time of hippocrates, however it is much older. it is clear that various cultures such as babylonia, ancient egypt, greece, and the persians have attem...

During several millenia, blacks in ancient Egypt made numerous contributions to medicine and were acknowledged as the inventors of the art of medicine. They produced the earliest physicians, medical knowledge, and medical literature. They contributed to the development of medicine in ancient Greece. Ancient writers, including Herodotus, Isocrates, and Diodorus, affirm this. Modern presentations...

Although the medical history of each country is closely related with that of other countries, Iranian medicine, along with the Greek and Arabic ones, provided a series of completing thoughts by virtue of “philosophy of history.” Always, the pioneers have attempted to transfer their thoughts and experiences to the next generation, and other people have attempted to add some issues and experience...

For the main part of her work, the translation of the Latin text into German, Lieberknecht has used the Valgrisius edition (Venice 1561) which incorporates a commentary of Mondinus (1275-1326) and an interpretation of Sylvius (Jacques Dubois, 1478-1555). In cases of uncertainty she compares this edition with the Venice and Padua (?) incunabula of 1471, a selection of eleven manuscripts and comm...

Parasites and parasitic diseases have been prevalent in Iran according to Iranian ancient scholars and physicians' inscriptions dating back to 865-1496. Some protozoan diseases such as malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis have been introduced by clinical manifestations and helminthic infections by size and morphology of the worms. Scientific studies of Parasitology started in Iran from 1833, fir...

BACKGROUND Olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) naturally grow in areas spanning the Mediterranean basin and towards the East, including the Middle East. In the Iranian plateau, the presence of olives has been documented since very ancient times, though the early history of the crop in this area is shrouded in uncertainty. METHODS The varieties presently cultivated in Ira...