Electrochemical or photo-electrochemical reactions in both electrospray ionization and laser desorption ionization are discussed stressing the role of the electrode reaction in influencing the ionization process. In particular, upon application of a high voltage during electrospray ionization, the emitter includes a working electrode, where redox reactions are observed, such as electro-generati...

Numerically determined ionization rates for the field ionization of atomic hydrogen in strong and short laser pulses are presented. The laser pulse intensity reaches the so-called “barrier suppression ionization” regime where field ionization occurs within a few half laser cycles. Comparison of our numerical results with analytical theories frequently used shows poor agreement. An empirical for...

A multiple ionization mass spectrometry strategy is presented based on the analysis of human serum extracts. Chromatographic separation was interfaced inline with the atmospheric pressure ionization techniques electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive (+) and negative (-) ionization modes. Furthermore, surface-based matrix-assisted laser ...

Helium and other atoms can, in principle, become doubly ionized when exposed to an intense laser pulse through two different channels: a direct process whereby both electrons are ejected simultaneously from the atom and a sequential process whereby the second charge state is created only after the first charge state. Crance and Aymar [1] calculated for He that if the number of photons required ...

In the context of an idealized model describing an atom coupled to black-body radiation at a sufficiently high positive temperature, we show that the atom will end up being ionized in the limit of large times. Mathematically, this is translated into the statement that the coupled system does not have any time-translation invariant state of positive (asymptotic) temperature, and that the expecta...

‘ST Scientific results are summarized from a three year research program on multiphoton ionization in aromatic molecules, clusters, and their ions. As originally proposed, the studies elucida+ a new cluster ionization mechanism, characterized properties of long range intermolecular interactions. and investigated electronic transitions of aromatic cations cooled in a supersonic beam. The studies...

Ionization rates of molecules have been modeled with time-dependent configuration interaction simulations using atom centered basis sets and a complex absorbing potential. The simulations agree with accurate grid-based calculations for the ionization of hydrogen atom as a function of field strength and for charge resonance enhanced ionization of H2(+) as the bond is elongated. Unlike grid-based...

We study strong field double ionization of a series of organic molecules by making use of coincidence detection of fragment ions. We measure the double ionization yield as a function of pulse duration, intensity, polarization, and molecular conjugation. For conjugated molecules we find strong enhancement in the double ionization rate over what one would expect on the basis of tunneling or multi...

We propose an empirical formula for the static field ionization rates of atoms and molecules by extending the well-known analytical tunnelling ionization rates to the barrier-suppression regime. The validity of this formula is checked against ionization rates calculated from solving the Schrödinger equation for a number of atoms and ions. The empirical formula retains the simplicity of the orig...

This little book comprises four chapters. The first explains what is meant by ionization, and describes how the electric current may be utilized for the introduction of drugs into the body. The second deals with the equipment necessary, and includes a brief explanation of certain electrical terms and methods of regulating the current. The author very rightly extols Professor Leduc's water resis...