Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on growth and development because of inadequate thyroid hormone production. Four methods are generally recommended for assessment of iodine nutrition: urinary iodine concentration, thyroid size, and blood concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin. Iodine intakes < or = 1 mg/d are well tolerated by most adults, because the thyr...

Perinatal exposure to excess iodine can lead to transient hypothyroidism in the newborn. In Japan, large quantities of iodine-rich seaweed such as kombu (Laminaria japonica) are consumed. However, effects of iodine from food consumed during the perinatal period are unknown. The concentration of iodine in serum, urine, and breast milk in addition to thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT(4)), and...

High total iodine content and significant amounts of iodinated amino acids, but not of thyronines, have been reported in milk of various species. Since the human neonate requires thyroxine-like iodine compounds for central nervous system development, analyses of thyroxine-like iodine compounds such as butanol-extractable iodine of colostrum or early milk were indicated. Four samples of human mi...

This chapter provides an overview of the disorders caused by iodine deficiency. Extensively referenced, it includes data on dietary sources of iodine, goitrogens, the effects of iodine deficiency throughout the lifecycle, the pathophysiology of iodine deficiency, as well as strategies for control and monitoring of the iodine deficiency disorders, such as iodized salt and iodized oil. It emphasi...

After the 1918 Influenza Pandemic which killed an estimated 30 million people, governments financed research on the Pandemic’s causes. Over 25 years, influenza viruses were isolated and methods for killing them with various agents discovered. Iodine was the most effective agent for killing viruses, especially influenza viruses. Aerosol iodine was found to kill viruses in sprayed mists, and solu...

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy and in most countries, incidence rates are increasing. Although differences in population iodine intake are a determinant of benign thyroid disorders, the role of iodine intake in TC remains uncertain. We review the evidence linking iodine intake and TC from animal studies, ecological studies of iodine intake and differentiated and und...

BACKGROUND A common recommendation for the treatment of hypertension is dietary salt intake restriction. However, dietary salt is one of the major sources of iodine. This study evaluated the association between dietary salt restriction and iodine deficiency among adults in the United States. METHODS Multiple regression models, which controlled for confounders, were used to evaluate the associ...

Iodine deficiency early in life impairs cognition and growth, but iodine status is also a key determinant of thyroid disorders in adults. Severe iodine deficiency causes goitre and hypothyroidism because, despite an increase in thyroid activity to maximise iodine uptake and recycling in this setting, iodine concentrations are still too low to enable production of thyroid hormone. In mild-to-mod...

In the fall of 1991, the incidence of goiter was determined in I07X male and female school children in Kermanshah city. The study was considered from two view points i.e., clinical examinations and measurements of levels of iodine excreted in urine, and was performed in three age groups: 7-11 years of age, 12-15 years of age and 16-18 years of age. Clinical examination showed 16.5% occurre...