participation of people in their cities and neighborhoods has always been emphasized by researchers and experts in order to improve the quality of citizens’ life and having efficient urban management. however, it seems that providing participation contexts at local level by citizens needs preparations and substrates that facilitate participation. in the meantime, establishing a neighborhood man...

This article engages with debates about the conceptualisation and practical challenges of patient and public involvement (PPI) in health and social care services. Policy in this area in England has shifted numerous times but increasingly a consumerist discourse seems to override more democratic ideas concerning the relationship between citizens and public services. Recent policy change in Engla...

leadership is important for nurturing employee creativity. although how leaders can influence employee creativity is somehow unclear, previous studies show that leadership can enhance employees’ willingness to share knowledge. this study examines how leader-member exchange (lmx) affects employees’ creative work involvement through knowledge sharing. data (n=385) was collected utilizing a questi...

The purpose of the present study was to provide empirical support for the construct of the involvement load hypothesis (ILH ) in an EFL context. To fulfill the purpose of the study, 4 intact groups consisting of 126 intermediate-level students participated in this experiment. In order to ensure that the participants were at the same level of English language proficiency, the Nelson test was adm...

The importance of vocabulary is undeniable. EFL learners need sufficient lexicon in order to bea competitive speaker. Lots of strategies have been proposed. The concept of involvement loadwas first introduced by Hulstijn and Laufer (2001). They believed that deeper explanation oflexical information will result in better retention of them. The present study aimed at finding the...

Background: Alopecia areata is a patchy hair loss that may occur in any hair bearing area on the body. There are many reports of ocular abnormalities such as lens and retinal changes in alopecia areata. Objective: To evaluate ocular alterations in alopecia areata with regard to the lens and retina. Patients & Methods: Seventy three patients with alopecia areata including 34 males and 39 f...

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Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and the leading cause of cancer death among females worldwide. The rate of breast cancer incidence among Iranian women is 17% of all cancers, it has been ranked first in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting axillary lymph node involvement in female patients with breast cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was c...