Small peptides from snake venom are studied as exceedingly selective, specific, effective and harmless therapeutics. This review article critically analyzes with numerous examples for the use of components a potential therapeutic tool against various illnesses. The active venoms isolated, purified used in assays to identify specific that were categorized based on their biological goal mechanism...

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of medication errors happened during the preparation and administration of intravenous (IV) drugs. This study was designed as prospective cross-sectional evaluations by direct unconcealed observation in a setting consisted of orthopedic, general surgery and gastroenterology wards of a teaching hospital. Participants were those patients hospit...

ObJectives. We examined the modulatory effects of autonomic nervous system and antiarrhythmic drugs on the ST segment in patients with Brugada syndrome to gain an insight into the mechanism of ST segment elevation. Background. Right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation and ventricular taehyarrhythmias define a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) syndrome (Brugada syndrome). Ho...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the utilization of the effects of general anesthetics on cerebral metabolism as revealed by imaging for therapeutic and preventive purposes, for understanding mechanisms of anesthetic action, and for elucidating mechanisms of cerebral processing in humans. RECENT FINDINGS General anesthetics suppress cerebral metabolism significantly. This effect has b...

BACKGROUND Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) used in second-line treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are administered parenterally. However, so-called targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs) - developed more recently - offer alternative (ie, oral) administration forms in second-line treatment. Since bDMARDs and tsDMARDs can be regarded as equal in terms of efficacy, the...

BACKGROUND General anaesthesia lowers the clearance of crystalloid fluid, but the volume kinetics of such fluid throughout the duration of spinal anaesthesia has not been studied. METHODS Ten female volunteers (mean age 29 years) received an intravenous infusion of 25 ml/kg of acetated Ringer's solution with and without spinal anaesthesia. A volume kinetic model was fitted to serial measureme...

Anxiety and phobia in dental procedures are common deterrents for patients visiting the dental care unit. For these individuals, procedural sedation may aid in completion of dental treatments. In most cases, the patients are conscious during sedation, thereby allowing spontaneous ventilation. Intravenous sedation (IVS) is widely used during dental treatment to relieve patient anxiety. IVS is th...