Exendin, a member of the glucagon-like peptide-1 family, and its antagonist exendin(9-39) affect cognition and neuronal survival after their intranasal delivery. Here, we examined the uptake of radioactively labeled exendin(9-39) (I-Ex) by the olfactory bulbs, brain (minus pineal, pituitary, and olfactory bulb), cerebrospinal fluid, and cervical lymph nodes (C-node) as well as levels in serum a...

There have been no studies on the susceptibility and host immune responses to an intranasal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, we compared the susceptibilities and cytokine responses between intranasal and intravenous infections with L. monocytogenes in mice. Moreover, we compared efficiency of acquisition of host resistance to L. monocytogenes infection between intranasally ...

background: there is an increase in the worldwide prevalence, morbidity and mortality of asthma. therefore, study of the possible factors related to the burden of this disorder could help the health providers to introduce effective initiatives and reduce adverse consequences due to this condition. this study was designed to investigate any relationship between asthma morbidity with inhaler tech...

objectives: the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of intranasal ketamine and midazolam on behavior of 3-6 year-old children during dental treatments.   materials and methods: in this randomized cross-over clinical trial, 17 uncooperative children requiring at least two dental treatments were selected and randomly received ketamine (0.5mg/kg) or midazolam (0.2mg/kg) prior to tr...

in chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) patients, esophageal stricture is a rare complication and the treatment of choice is still controversial. there are few reports of successful therapy with antibiotics, corticosteroids, multiple balloon dilatations or their combination. we report a 3-three-year-old iranian boy with recurrent esophageal obstruction due to cgd. the patient transiently respond...

Objective(s): The Botulism syndrome is caused by types A to G of botulinum neurotoxins. The binding domains of these neurotoxins are immunogenic and considered as appropriate candidate vaccines. Due to the low immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines, there have been many studies on the use of biocompatible carriers such as chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of these vaccines. The aim of thi...

Best practice in treating children in severe acute pain, according to the college of emergency Medicine children’s pain assessment tool (2010), is to administer intravenous (iV) morphine or intranasal diamorphine. this article discusses the intranasal delivery of analgesia, which according to Kidd et al (2009) is less traumatic than the potentially difficult and distressing iV route. a survey o...

despite the role of oral corticosteroids in management of sever asthma, use of these drugs needs careful awareness of its many side effects. there are controversies about the role of methotrexate in lowering the need for corticosteroides in these patients. in this study an attempt has been made to determine methotrexate effects in corticosteroid dependent asthma. six patients were entered in a ...

ulcerative colitis is a mucosal-inflammatory disease that usually involves the rectum and extends proximally to involve all or part of the colon. medications for treatment include anti-inflammatory agents such as 5-asa compounds, systemic and topical corticosteroids and immunomodulators. a 33 year-old female and 52 year-old male both diagnosed with severe active ulcerative colitis who were resi...

PURPOSE Intranasal dexmedetomidine is an effective sedative for premedication and is regularly used to reduce preoperative tension and anxiety in children. This study aimed to assess the effect of intranasally adjunctive dexmedetomidine on perioperative sedative and analgesic requirements in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were randomly divided into four groups to receive preoperative ...