European coal production underwent a period of dramatic increase from the early nineteenth century to 1913. A consensus exists, however, for depiction industry as, high degree, technologically stagnant throughout long century. Macro-inventions, or general-purpose technologies, in fact, appeared at either end period. Steam power drive water pumps and shaft elevators was introduced eighteenth cen...

here about scientific ideas or discoveries). Instead he tackles head-on in successive chapters the historiographical problems posed by Restoration science. What was its relationship to the natural philosophy of the Interregnum? What were the origins of the Royal Society? What was the importance of the Society during its first fifty years? How plausible is the Marxist-cum-Mertonian case that the...

The United Nations unveiled a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015, with 169 targets and little over 230 indicators. This was sequel to the Millennium whose remit ended 2015. Challenges lie ahead for governments around world – national, provincial municipal adapt indicators effect meaningful transition towards sustainable development by 2030. Cities are where battle ...

The article is devoted to the history of emergence and development political crisis Interregnum. central question examination reason why Nikolai, having received news death Alexander, decided swear allegiance Konstantin. An analysis historiography demonstrates that most diametrical interpretations this event are presented in literature: Nikolai acted under pressure from M. A. Miloradovich and/o...

Sejmiks in the First Polish Republic were first and primary forum for political education of every nobleman. It was during those assemblies that problems local community solved, tax collection controlled, military troops organized, elections candidates land offices held, finally, deputies to Sejm, Crown Tribunal delegates important persons state elected. They usually convened by king or represe...

In England, medicine has always been something of a refuge for individuals whose lives have been dislocated by religious and political strife. This was particularly true in the seventeenth century when changes in Church and State were occurring at a blinding speed. In his book The experience of defeat, Christopher Hill has described the erratic careers of a number of radical clergy and intellec...

By the 1640s, Prayer Book ritual had marked rites of passage in England for over eighty years. It formed a reassuring continuum with older Catholic and gave communality to parish religion. However, puritans disliked its ceremonial elements, which were banned by Parliament 1640s. Anecdotal evidence suggests that parishioners continued demand old-style passage, some clergy offer them. This has le...