In their excellent recounting of the development multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) from its early history to 21st century, Koksalan et al. (2011) proposed that MCDM is both old and new. It because makers have always had make tradeoffs with objectives when decisions; authors refer Benjamin Franklin’s approach decisions by trading off benefits costs during 1700’s. However, as an important ...

Notwithstanding the rapidly growing body of literature on interdisciplinary research, several crucial dynamics in research systems remain poorly understood and undertheorized. To this effect we seek to provide a ‘fundamental’ ontology systems. We principally understand an system as complex consisting researchers from different disciplines that have undergone pseudomorphosis (i.e. false formatio...