Compared with the conventional electronic computer, the Ternary Optical Computer (TOC) is the better idea for next generation computing tools because it possesses numerous data bits, enough intercom bandwidth, and inter controller made of electronic computer, but when designing optical calculators in TOC, there is much randomness that bring the manufacture of the optical calculators on lots of ...

An aversive smoking treatment, either alone or followed by 24 hr of restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST, lying on a bed in a dark, silent chamber with occasional smoking-related messages presented over an intercom), was administered to 74 smokers. The subtractive expectancy placebo technique, where an active treatment is described as inert, was used to evaluate the role of the ex...

The "Trier Social Stress Test" (TSST) is one of the most prominent laboratory stress paradigms. It is often used to investigate the effects of stress on cognitive or affective parameters. Such studies need a non-stress control condition. However, control conditions currently employed are often rather ill defined and do not parallel important modulating variables, e.g., physical or cognitive loa...

n engl j med 362;6 nejm.org february 11, 2010 477 care can be hard to define, in some circumstances experienced clinicians can be virtually certain that attempts at resuscitation will fail. In these cases, many argue that hospitals should adopt policies that allow physicians to refuse when families demand futile cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Several years ago, I cared for a 2-year-old bo...