Using the formalism of rigorous statistical mechanics, we study the phenomena of phase separation and freezing-point depression upon freezing of solutions. Specifically, we devise an Ising-based model of a solvent–solute system and show that, in the ensemble with a fixed amount of solute, a macroscopic phase separation occurs in an interval of values of the chemical potential of the solvent. Th...

Biological antifreezes protect cold-water organisms from freezing. An example is the antifreeze proteins (AFP's) that attach to the surface of ice crystals and arrest growth. The mechanism for growth arrest has not been heretofore understood in a quantitative way. We present a complete theory based on a kinetic model. We use the "stones on a pillow" picture. Our theory of the suppression of the...

Knowledge of the road status and specifically knowledge of the freezing point of the road surface fluid is crucial in order to perform effective and environmentally safe road maintenance. Road status sensors installed in the road can be passive conductivity sensors or active freezing point sensors. In this paper the output from a passive and an active sensor has been studied when the sensors ha...