OBJECTIVES Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a powerful tool for assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies. We used GIS to determine the geographic extent of contamination by perfluorooctanoic acid, C8 (PFOA) that was released into the environment from the DuPont Washington Works Facility located in Parkersburg, West Virginia. METHODS Paper maps of pipe distribution networks were prov...

The field of upper extremity prosthetics is a constantly changing arena as researchers and prosthetists strive to bridge the gap between prosthetic reality and upper limb physiology. With the further development of implantable neurologic sensing devices and targeted muscle innervation (discussed elsewhere in this issue), the challenge of limited input to control vast outputs promises to become ...

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The autonomic nervous system affects glucose metabolism partly through its connection to the pancreatic islet. Since its discovery by Paul Langerhans, the precise innervation patterns of the islet has remained elusive, mainly because of technical limitations. Using 3-dimensional reconstructions of axonal terminal fields, recent studies have determined the innervation patterns of mouse and human...

Rat sweat glands provide an interesting model system for a developmental study of adrenergic receptor expression because their sympathetic innervation undergoes a switch from a nonadrenergic to cholinergic and peptidergic phenotype. alpha 1B, alpha 2B, and beta 2 receptors are expressed in rat footpads; alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors are localized specifically to sweat glands, and alpha 2 recepto...

The aim of this study was to characterize the pacemaker activity and inhibitory neurotransmission in the colon of Ws/Ws mutant rats, which harbor a mutation in the c-kit gene that affects development of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). In Ws/Ws rats, the density of KIT-positive cells was markedly reduced. Wild-type, but not Ws/Ws, rats showed low- and high-frequency cyclic depolarization that...

The neural control of the subcommissural organ (SCO) has been partially characterized. The best known input is an important serotonergic innervation in the SCO of several mammals. In the rat, this innervation comes from raphe nuclei and appears to exert an inhibitory effect on the SCO activity. A GABAergic innervation has also been shown in the SCO of the rat and frog Rana perezi. In the rat, G...