This paper shows that preliminary injunctions may be sought in patent cases to obtain market power during the period of the injunction and are likely to be sought only where there is a small probability that the patent will be ultimately found valid. Both patentee and alleged infringer benefit from a preliminary injunction. This is an artifact of the asymmetry of current damage rules. Altering ...

We investigate how liability rules and property rules a ect the incentives to invest in research tools. We argue that it is hard to deter infringement under any of the enforcement regimes available. However, counterintuitively, a credible threat of infringement can actually be bene cial to the patentholder. We compare the two doctrines of damages under the liability rule, namely, lost pro t (lo...

Sustainable development must satisfy the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Although it looks at the economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainability, this article focuses specifically on an analysis of the concept in conjunction with the use and protection of natural resources. It shows how taking account of environme...

The present research results in general system of this clerical encyclopedia i.e. relationship between religious and order existing among the relevant chapters Islamic traditions (Hadith) them- based on goal considered for writing group volumes. Namely, author has selected ideologies, ethics injunctions tried to posit a comprehensive book what he referred it prologue book. Kulayni also specific...

Chicanxs Unidxs de Orange County (CU) is a community organisation in Southern California. Founded 2006, CU small, multigenerational and multi-ethnic. Its organising has focused predominantly on building power by focusing local politics, abusive policing the gentrification of Chicanx neighbourhoods. This article presents an evidence-based narrative several campaigns (primarily between 2008 2016)...