in present paper, first the concept of informal economy and its place in the economic literature has been described. then the causes and factors involved in providing the informal sector was examined and the volume of informal economy was estimated. second, the effect of inflation on informal economy was surveyed. to estimate the volume of informal sector, residual discrepancy method was used a...

The relationship between rural poverty and welfare effects is a significant social issue, as poor areas face challenges like fragile livelihoods, nutritional imbalances, inadequate policy regulation. Studying in impoverished vital for addressing capability achieving the United Nations SDGs. This study examines three decades of research, using quantitative literature analysis traditional review....

isovist and visibility graph analysis tools are used to quantify and measure the quality of space, and despite their lack of maturity and evolution, they are considered to be the future of space analysis tools by researchers. this study was undertaken with the purpose of introducing the aforementioned tools for analyzing sanandaj’s urban areas. in this study, four different urban areas in sanan...

Majority of world population live in poverty and struggle to fulfil the most basic needs like health, education, access water sanitation. Past studies indicate resources deprivation among residents informal settlements. In Africa, 43% individuals are living destitution urban territories a proportion which compares with 59% people rural areas. Due high rate traders settlements unable financial s...

Generalization of topographic maps is a very challenging problem for map producers. Therefore, NMAs are intensively working on the matter in order to make it automated as much as possible for their production requirements. In this paper, we present a case study for automated generalization of buildings and settlement areas in Turkish topographic maps from 1:25K to 1:50K, which is implemented in...

Spatially extensive analysis of satellite, climate, and census data reveals humanenvironment interactions of regional or continental concern i n the United States. A grid-based principal components analysis of Bureau of Census variables revealed two independent demographic phenomena, a-settlement reflecting traditional human settlement patterns and p-settlement describing relative population gr...

Rapid growth of informal settlements in developing countries constitutes one of the most intriguing forms of urbanization. However, factors and theories underpinning this rapid and prevalent dynamic of informal settlements are often restricted to the descriptive phase. Limited studies have been undertaken to effectively demonstrate how these factors and theories can be incorporated into a frame...

Literature from the developed world suggests that poor housing conditions and housing environments contribute to poor mental health outcomes, although research results are mixed. This study investigates the relationship between housing conditions and the socio-emotional health of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in South Africa. The results of the study are mainly inconclusive, although it...