hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a self-limiting disease caused by a 27-nm rna virus from the picorna virus family. its' transmission is primarily via the fecal-oral route. the disease is usually mild and anicteric in children, however the rate of the icteric form, severity, and mortality increase in adult life. the estimated case-fatality rate in age over 40 years is approximately 2%, whil...

TB remains a very significant global health burden. There is an urgent need for better tools for TB control, which include an effective vaccine. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the currently licensed vaccine, confers highly variable protection against pulmonary TB, the main source of TB transmission. Replacing BCG completely or boosting BCG with another vaccine are the two current strategies fo...

infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is a progressive condition which may cause endothelial dysfunction and liver damage leading to coagulopathy. with adventure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), life expectancy has prolonged in hiv positive patients but several acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related conditions such as coagulopathies are responsible for ass...

aim : the current investigation aimed to evaluate ruminant raw milk as a reservoir source of this bacterium and analyze the diversity of caga and vaca genotypes as h. pylori virulence factors to find any relationship between these genotypes in human and animal h. pylori strains. background: the way of transmission of helicobacter pylori as one of the most controversial bacteria in the world whi...

Granulocytes and neutrophils are predominantly responding cells during the early phase of infection of rats with Salmonella. We propose mathematical and experimental models of the kinetics of neutrophil and monocyte responses in Salmonella infection via the oral route. Using the models, we estimate that approximately 1 in 500 inoculated Salmonella cells actually infected the rat and multiplied ...

Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 11, No. 4, April 2005 639 each of the 5 routes. B. pseudomallei could be detected in the tissues of IVand IP-infected mice earlier and in higher numbers than in those of intranasally and orally-infected mice, despite the fact that all mice received equal numbers of bacteria. This finding reflects differences in the innate immune response, de...